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Political System What is a Political System • Members of a social organization who are in power • Set of formal legal institutions that constitute a "government" or a "state.” – Government: the continuous exercise of authority over and the performance of functions for a political unit – Different forms of government throughout history Greek Government Greeks did not develop political unity Created polis (city-states) Most city-states covered 50 to 500 square miles Home to fewer than 10,000 residents Acropolis – gathering place to discuss city government The Acropolis Today Greek Polis Types of Rule in City-States (Polis) Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy Rule by a king Rule by nobility Rule by a few powerful people State ruled by its citizens Rule is hereditary Social status and (passed on within wealth support the family) rulers’ authority Rule is based on wealth or ability Rule based on citizenship Practiced in Mycenae Practiced in Sparta Majority rules Practiced in Athens prior 594 BCE Practiced in Athens by 500 BCE Athens Builds a Limited Democracy 621 B.C. – Draco ruled • all Athenians equal under the law 594 B.C. – Solon establishes a direct democracy All citizens participate in government Only males were citizens Outlawed slavery Created 4 social classes according to wealth top 3 could hold office Solon Athens-Democracy (Continued) 500 B.C. – Cleisthenes organized citizens in 10 groups Created council of 500 Proposed laws Council members chosen at random Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were citizens Women, slaves, foreigners excluded Athenian Education Athenian Males Sons of wealthy got formal education at age 7 Two years of military service at age 18 Active service is called hoplites (infantry) Right to speak and vote in the Assembly At age 30, could serve in the Council of 500 Women, very little to do outside of family life Sparta Builds a Military State • 2nd Most Important City-State • Very different from Athens • Built a military state and was ruled through a Oligarchy Conquered Laconia & Messenia Slaves became known as Helots • Didn’t care about Democracy & Arts • “Spartan” means highly self-disciplined Spartan Government & Society • • Council of Elders 30 yr. older citizens: proposed laws 5 elected officials carried out laws Oligarchy • 2 kings ruled Sparta’s military force Social Order Original inhabitants Noncitizens: worked in commerce/industry Helots: field & house servants Early Republic ►Res publica---this means public affair ►Republic---a form of government in which the people have the right to vote for their leaders Government Under Republic ►Consuls---they were like kings in that they controlled the army and directed the government ►2 people served as consuls at one time ►Could only serve for 1 year and they could overrule the other’s decisions ►Senate---aristocratic Rome’s government ►Consisted ►Had branch of of 300 members both legislative and administrative functions Struggle for Power ►Two different groups of people struggled for power Patricians Plebeians Patricians ►Wealthy ►Inherited status ►Claimed landowners their power and social their ancestry gave them to authority to make laws for Rome Plebeians ► Common owners ► Were farmers, Artisans, and merchant allowed to create tribunes---an assembly created to help protect the rights of the Plebeians from unfair acts of the Patrician officials ► Created ► Began Plebeians are Successful!!! a written set of laws to write laws on tablets ► Hung in Forum---the center of Roman Empire ► Twelve Tables---idea that all free citizens had a right to protection of the law Republic Collapses ►Reasons why Increasing wealth Expanding borders Discontent of the lower classes ►Took Julius Caesar Emerges control because so many other commanders were fighting ►Combined forces with Pompey and Crassus to rule Rome ►Dominated Rome for 10 years together Caesar’s Reforms ►Granted Roman citizenship ►Expanded the Senate ►Created jobs for the poor ►Started colonies for people who did not own land ►Increased the pay for soldiers Hatred of Caesar ►Many nobles and senators did not like Caesar having so much power ►Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted his assassination ►March 15, 44 b.c. Caesar was stabbed to death in the senate chamber Beginning of the Empire ► Caesar’s grandnephew—Octavian---became ruler of Rome along with Antony ► Antony left to be with Cleopatra ► Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra--they both committed suicide after the defeat Octavian ►Grandnephew ►Ruler of Caesar of Rome the title of Augustus--”exalted one” ►Accepted ►Imperator---”supreme military commander” this is where the term emperor comes from Pax Romano ► For about 207 years after Augusts’ rule, Rome was in a period of peace and prosperity ► This was known as Pax Romano ► This meant “Roman Peace”