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Transcript
Chapter 4 The Developing Person Developmental Psychology ---a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span Basic question: What shapes the way we change over time? Focus on psychological changes across the entire life span can be looked at from this perspective: biological development social development cognitive / perceptual development personality development Major issues in study of development Nature vs. Nurture What is role of heredity vs. environment in determining psychological makeup Continuity/stage Gradual or sequences Stability/Change Stay same as grow up or become different persons Prenatal Development and the Newborn Physical development begins at conception Prenatal environment can have lifetime influence on health and intellectual ability Zygote---the fertilized egg; enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo Embryo--the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month Fetus--the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth Teratogens---agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking symptoms include facial misproportions Competent Newbors Preferences human voices and faces face like images over geometric designs smell and sound of mother preferred Infant Reflexes Rooting - turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek Sucking - sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation Babinski - fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked Moro - throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head) Grasping - curling the fingers around an object Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Maturation--biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile- and can retain that learning for a month Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Cognition--- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational Terms to describe overall learning according to Piaget Schema a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Assimilation interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas Accommodation adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Infancy and Childhood—Sensorimotor development Infant learns through sensory and motor interactions, actively touching objects for esample Hallmark of stages Object Permanence the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Egocentrism the inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view Conservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Theory of Mind people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict Autism a disorder that appears in childhood Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind Social Development Stranger Anxiety: fear of strangers that infants commonly display; beginning by about 8 months of age Attachment an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation Harlow’s Study of Attachment -- Surrogate Mother Experiments Infant rhesus monkeys were placed with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one covered with soft cloth Body contact and Familiarity Milk-producing nipple was attached to either the wire or the cloth mother Attachment was based on “contact comfort” rather than feeding: monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother Critical Period---an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Imprinting--- the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers Attachment Differences Mary Ainsworth’s study of Attachment: Strange Situation Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room Mother-child dyads were observed in a playroom under four conditions: initial mother-child interaction mother leaves infant alone in playroom friendly stranger enters playroom mother returns and greets child Forms of Attachment Securely attached - explores the room when mother is present, becomes upset and explores less when mother is not present, shows pleasure when mother returns Avoidantly attached - a form of insecure attachment in which child avoids mother and act coldly to her Anxious resistant attachment - a form of insecure attachment where the child remains close to mother and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers Deprivation of Attachment Child-Rearing Practices Styles of Parenting control and demands placed on child, along with responsivenss and warmth Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Authoritarian - value obedience and use a high degree of power assertion parents impose rules and expect obedience “Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.” Authoritative - less concerned with obedience, greater use of induction both demanding and responsive; set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion Permissive - most tolerant, least likely to use discipline submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment Neglectful - completely uninvolved Adolescence the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence Puberty--the period of sexual maturation. when a person becomes capable of reproduction Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics Menarche (meh-NAR-key)---first menstrual period Body Changes at Puberty Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14. Cognitive development Adolescents’ reasoning abilities: Piaget’s theory---Formal Operations: ability to think abstractly, hypothetically and to think like a scientist Moral development: Kohlberg theory Adolescence- Social Development Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Identity: one’s sense of self the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles Intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships----a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood Parental and peer influences during adolescence The changing parent-child relationship In the 1890’s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years. The characteristics of emerging adulthood. In the 1890’s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years. Adulthood- Physical Development Menopause---the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines The Aging Senses Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older Adulthood- Cognitive Development Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones The ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not Crystallized Intelligence---one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence--- ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline Adulthood- Social Development Early-forties midlife crisis? The path of adult development not tightly linked to chronological age, and discuss Social Clock the culturally preferred timing of social events marriage parenthood retirement The importance of love, marriage, children, and work in adulthood. Trends in people’s life satisfaction across the life span Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial Death and Dying the range of reactions to the death of a love one. Reflection on two major issue Continuity and stages Stability and change