Download Answers to Spring Final Review

PHYSICAL SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE
1.
Color in the west side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to illustrate the
polarity recorded in the rocks.
The west side should be a mirror image of the east side. If you want to see
it drawn, just ask during class.
2. When do the Sun’s rays strike Earth at their northernmost and southernmost positions?
The Sun’s rays strike Earth at their northernmost positions at the summer solstice and their southernmost positions at the winter
solstice.
3. When does summer occur in terms of tilt of the Earth?
Summer here in the northern hemisphere occurs when the Earth is tilted towards the Sun.
4. According to the law of conservation of mass, what must be true before and after a chemical reaction?
The mass before and after a reaction must be the same (the equation must be balanced).
5.
What kind of radiation is made of helium nuclei? Alpha
radiation
6.
What kind of radiation can be stopped by a piece of paper?
Alpha radiation
7.
What kindof radiation is made of electrons? Beta
radiation
8.
What kind of radiation is most penetrating? Gamma
radiation
9.
What happens in a fission reaction? a fusion reaction? In a fission reaction, larger atoms are bombarded with nuetrons and
split into two smaller atoms (and some more nuetrons). In a fusion reaction, two small nuclei (usually hydrogen) fuse to
form one larger nucleus.
10. What does the stability of an isotope depend on? The stability of an isotope depends on the proton to neutron ratio.
11. When will an earthquake cause resonance in a building? An earthquake will cause resonance in a building when the
frequency of the seismic waves matches the natural frequency of the building.
12. When you built your walls in the Structural Reinforcement Activity which floor collapsed first? The first floor collapsed
first.
13. What is the relationship between the height of a building (or a rod in the BOSS Model Activity) and its natural frequency?
The taller the building the smaller the natural frequency (fewer oscilations per second).
14. What kinds of reactions are shown below:
2H2O  2H2 + O2 Decomposition
2H2 + O2  2H2O Synthesis
Na + LiCl  Li + NaCl Single Replacement
NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl Double Replacement
15. Where are the products and reactants in a chemical
16. What is an endothermic reaction? exothermic reaction?
equation? Products are on the right and reactants are on
An endothermic reaction absorbes heat (it is on the reactant
the left
side) whereas an exothermic reaction releases heat (it is on
the product side).
17.
List three things that are caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface. Seasons, winds, ocean currents (there are
others).
18.
What kind of plate sinks in a subduction zone? Why? Oceanic plates sink at subduction zones because they are more
dense than continental plates.
19.
In what kind of plate boundary do the plates slide past each other? Plates slide past each other at transform fault (strike
slip) boundaries.
20.
What kind of gas causes global warming? Carbon dioxide (most important), methane, along with many other gases cause
global warming.
21.
What kind of energy transfer does not require matter? Radiation
22.
What state of matter has atoms held tightly in place? Solid (although atoms do vibrate in place even in solids).
23.
Describe what happens (in terms of movement of energy) when you touch a piece ice with your finger. Heat energy
flows from your finger into the ice. Cold doesn’t flow because cold is the absence of heat.
24.
Draw a diagram illustrating the movement of surface
winds around a high pressure system in the Northern
Hemisphere.
25.
List three things that keep Earth’s temperatures within a
suitable range for life as we know it. Unequal heating of
Earth’s surface, loss of heat to space and the greenhouse
effect.
H
26.
Describe how a mountain range can affect climate. As the prevailing winds blow up towards a mountain range the air
rises, cools and any water in it condenses and falls as rain (the windward side is usually cool and damp). As the air sinks
down the other side (leeward side) it warms and can hold more water so the weather is usually clear and dry.
27.
Which numbers represent
infiltration and
transpiration? Whoops
there isn’t a number for
infiltration, so follow the
arrow. Transpiration is #1.
28.
Why do clouds form?
Clouds form as water vapor
condenses.
29.
What must be true in order
for infiltration to occur? The
soil must be unsaturated and
permeable.
30.
Identify the phase/s of matter present in each line segment:
AB: _____solid___________________________
BC: _____solid and liquid___________________
CD: _____liquid__________________________
DE: ______liquid and gas___________________
EF: ______gas___________________________
33.
Cool air over the poles will __sink (cold air is dense).
34.
What process transfers energy primarily as
electromagnetic waves? Radiation
31.
How old is island B in comparison to islands A and C? B is
older than A and younger than C.
32.
How old is island D in comparison to islands A and C? D
is older than both A and C.
35.
What do we call drops of water or ice that are too large
to stay suspended in the air? precipitation
36.
What causes high pressure systems? sinking air results
in high pressure systems
37.
What kind of pressure systems do we find near the poles?
high pressure systems because there is a constant supply
of sinking cold air.
38.
Describe what is happening to the air as it flows down the leeward side of the mountain
range. As air flows down the leeward side it warms up and can hold more water. As a
result the climate is probably warm and dry.
39.
Why is the ozone layer important to life on Earth? Ozone filters
out harmful radiation that would make life on land impossible.
40.
41.
Where is the ozone layer? be specific. The ozone layer is in the
lower part of the stratosphere.
42.
43.
Why does it take less time to get a sunburn on a summer day
than it does on a winter day? (assuming it is sunny out!) The Sun’s
44.
rays are hitting us more directly during the summer because Earth is titled
toward the Sun during summer time.
Earth’s earliest atmosphere was lacking in
what element necessary for life as we know it?
Earth’s earliest atmosphere was lacking in
oxygen.
What causes summer days to be longer than
winter days here in Piedmont? Summer days
are longer because during the summer the
Earth is tilted towards the Sun.
Why is it usually warmer at the equator than it
is at the poles? It is usually warmer at the equator than
the poles because the equator gets more direct sunlight
than the poles (the angle of insolation is close to 90 most of
the year at the equator).
45.
What direction do the prevailing westerly winds move ocean
water? To the east!
47.
Give an example of two isotopes of the same element using the following format,
12
6
46.
As air rises pressure decreases and what
happens to its volume? As pressure decreases
volume increases.
mass
atomicnumber
Symbol .
C and 146C
48.
Why are atoms electrically neutral? Atoms are electrically neutral because they have the same number of protons and
neutrons.
49.
What were the first elements created after the Big
Bang? Hydrogen and helium
50.
List six factors of weater. wind direction, wind speed,
temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, humidity
51.
Why do clouds form? Clouds form as air cools to the
point where any water vapor in it condenses (forms a
liquid).
52.
How do moutain ranges affect climate? . As the prevailing
53.
winds blow up towards a mountain range the air rises, cools and any
water in it condenses and falls as rain (the windward side is usually cool
and damp). As the air sinks down the other side (leeward side) it
warms and can hold more water so the weather is usually clear and dry.
Uranium-235 decays through a long but relatively fast series into Lead-206 which is stable. In the following diagrams, the
black dots represent U-235 atoms and the white dots represent Pb-206 atoms. According the principle of radioisotope
dating, which of the following rocks is the youngest? oldest?
a.
b.
c. youngest
d. oldest
54.
Which element is in Group 14 and Period 2 of the Periodic Table. Carbon
55.
Where are the metals on the Periodic Table? the nonmetals? Metals are on the left side of the staircase and nonmetals are
in the upper right side of the Periodic Table.
56.
Which group on the Periodic Table is rarely found in compounds? Why? Noble gases are rarely found in compounds
because they already have a full set of eight electrons.
57.
How is the periodic table organized? The periodic table is organized by atomic number.
58.
How many electrons does an atom of oxygen have? Oxygen has eight electrons.
59.
Describe the difference between solids and liquids in terms of molecular motion and spacing. Solids and liquids are both
tightly packed, but in liquids atoms can move relative to each other whereas solids just vibrate in place.
60.
Do gases release or absorb energy as they condense
and form liquids? Gases release energy as they
condense.
62.
A whale bone that originally contained 100 grams of radioactive carbon-14 now contains 25 grams of carbon-14. How
many carbon-14 half-lives have passed since this whale was alive? Two half lives have passed.
63.
When you squeeze together the coils of a spring (like a
slinky) and then release them, what kind of wave are
you creating? compression wave
64.
What part of the world receives the most solar radiation?
the tropics (the equatorial regions).
65.
What is another term for earthquake waves? seismic
waves.
66.
What kind of forces cause strike-slip faults? shear forces
67.
Describe P-waves. P-waves are the fastest type of seismic waves, they can travel through both solids and liquids and they
cause the least amount of damage.
68.
What is the difference between magma and lava? Magma is molten rock that hasn’t reached the surface. Lava is molten
rock at the surface.
69.
How can you identify a shield volcano in terms of shape and type of eruption? Shield volcanoes have large bases and
shallow slopes. They are made from runny lava and are the largest of type of volcano
70.
What happens at a transform plate boundary? At a
transform boundary two plates are grinding past
each other.
61.
71.
What do we call the process of liquid water becoming
water vapor? evaporation or vaporization
What makes climate different from weather? Climate
(long term) encompasses the temperatures, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, winds, rainfall in a given region over
long periods of time, as opposed to the term weather (short
term), which refers to current activity of these same
elements..
72.
What particle moves around the nucleus? The electron
73.
What is the mass number of an atom with 26 protons, 30
neutrons and 26 electrons? 56 amu
74.
What makes an ion different from an atom? An atom
has no charge:the number of protons equals the
number of electrons. Ions are charged due to an
imbalance of protons and electrons.
What kind of bond forms when atoms share electons?
covalent
75.
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form? Underneath the
crust
77.
How many atoms are present in Al(NO3)3?13
78.
What must be true of a balanced chemical equation?
The number of atoms of each element on the product
side must equal those on the reactant side.
79.
How many electrons are needed to make an atom stable?
Depending on the outer most electron shell. If the outer
most shell is full of electrons then the atom is stable.
80.
How can you tell if a rock is foliated? It has layers that
are not necessarily flat.
81.
What kinds of things cause metamorphism in rocks?
Intense heat and/or pressure
82.
What makes minerals different from rocks? A mineral
83.
is composed of only one compound that is repeated.
Rocks are made from more than one mineral and other
materials,
What do B and C represent? B; wavelength C: amplitude
What is the name of the compound with the formula
NaCl? sodium chloride
What kind of plate
boundary is illustrated
by this picture?
transform
87.
Why does a water filled paper cup held in a flame not
catch fire? The paper cup will not get hotter than the
water inside it
89.
Labe
l the
diffe
rent
phas
es of
matt
er
and
phas
e
chan
ges
occu
rring on the graph below. AB: solid BC: melting has solid
and liquid CD: liquid is warming DE: liquid and gas EF:
gas is warming
What causes global warming (list three things)? The hole
in the ozone layer, heat produced from burning fossil
fuels and heat trapped by greenhouse gases
76.
84.
85.
86.
88.
90.
What type of substance warms up very quickly? metals
93.
Why do islands experience moderate temperatures?
The water surrounding them acts as a heat sink due to
high specific heat
95.
Compare the climate at A to
that of B. A is cooler and more
humid, B is warmer and drier
96.
If location C is on the equator,
describe the pressure and
precipation that area
experiences. Low air pressure
and high precipitation
97.
99.
102.
A substance that heats up quickly has a _____low____
specific heat.
94.
What happens when you put an ice pack on your knee
(in terms of energy)? Heat is transferred form the knee to
the ice pack.
How would an reduction in surface ice cover affect the
amount of solar radiation reflected by the surface of
the Earth? Less reflectivity
98.
Describe a surface that would absorb a lot of
electromagnetic energy from the Sun (in terms of
texture, luster and color). Bumpy or irregular, dull, black
What causes the Coriolis Effect? The rotation of the
100.
Compare Earth’s continental crust and its oceanic crust.
Continental crust is less dense and thicker than oceanic
crust
Earth on its axis causes the Coriolis effect.
101.
91.
92.
Label the seasons on
the diagram.
For the northern
hemisphere: A: winter
B: Spring C: Summer
D: Fall
103.
What kind of rocks are formed by cooling magma or
lava from a molten state? igneous
104.
What kind of rocks are altered by heat and pressure
beneath the Earth’s surface? metamorphic
105.
Describe the term climate. Long term averages for
temp, precipitation
106.
List the following from smallest to largest: universe,
solar system and galaxy (solar system>galaxy>universe)
107.
Compare protons and neutrons in terms of location,
mass and charge. Protons and neutrons are 1 amu,
located in the nucleus, Protons have a positive charge
while neutrons have no charge
What would sprinkling snow with dark sand do to its
melting rate? Would white sand have the same
impact?Dark sand would increase metling rate of the
snow; the opposite of white sand
How would reducing the surface ice cover change the
surface temperature of the Earth? Temperature would
increase
108.
Define the term ion. A charged atom due to an imbalance
of protons and electrons
110.
Why doesn’t the ocean mix by convection? The sun heats
the ocean from the top not the bottom
112.
Define the term half-life. The amount of time it takes for
half of a radioactive sample to decay into another
element.
113.
What kind of radiation is emited by the Earth?
infrared
114.
Why don’t oceans mix by convection? The sun heats the
ocean from the top not the bottom
115.
What makes a compound different from a miture? A
compound is a substance formed by 2 or more
elements in which the exact combination and
proportion of elements is always the same unlike a
mixture
What kind of rock forms as a result of cooling from a
molten state? igneous
116.
What are protons and neutrons made of? quarks
118.
What kind of rock is formed as it is altered by heat and
pressure beneath the Earth’s surface? Metamorphic
Explain the difference between weight and mass.
What does your weight measure? Weight is the force
of gravity acting on the mass of an object. Mass refers
to the amount of matter in an object.
Will your mass increase or decrease if you were to go
to the moon? Mass will not change
120.
One object is twice as massive as another object, describe
the inertia of these two objects. The larger the mass the
more inertia the object has.
122.
If a hockey puck is set in motion across a frozen pond. If
ice friction and air resistance are neglected, what force is
required to keep the puck sliding at a constant velocity?
none
Compare vector and scalar quantities. Vectors have
direction and magnitude. Scalar has no direction.
124.
If an object’s mass decreases while a constant force is
applied to the object, the acceleration will increase
125.
127.
_____________________________.
The force of friction on a sliding object is 10 N. What is
the magnitude of the applied force needed to maintain a
constant velocity? 10 N
129.
Hang from a pair of gym rings and the upward support
forces of the rings will always
130.
132.
_each ring will carry half the weight
A bag of groceries has a mass of 10 Kg and a weight of
about ____100N (9.8 is rounded to 10) so 10 x 10 = 100
134.
Why do we observe a shift of spectral lines toward the
red end of the visible spectrum when we look at light
from distant galaxies? Distant galaxies are moving away
109.
111.
117.
119.
121.
123.
126.
An object is pulled northward with a force of 25 N and
southward with a force of 10 N. What is the
magnitude of the net force on the object?
128.
A tow truck exterts a force of 4000 N on a car,
accelerating it at 2m/s/s. What is the mass of the car?
2000 kg
131.
A boy pulls on a 15 kg with a constant force of 30 N.
What is the wagon’s acceleration in meters per second
per second? 2m/s/s
133.
A 600 N skydiver opens her parachute and experiences
an air resistance force of 800 N. What is the net force
on the skydiver? 200 N up
135.
What type of EM radiation does Earth radiate? infrared
136.
Describe the cause of winds. Winds are caused by
difference in pressure of air masses
137.
What causes the movement of tectonic plates? The
convection currents of the magma in the
asthenosphere
138.
Which type of air mass is associated with warm dry
conditions? cT warm wet conditions? mT cool dry
conditions? cP
139.
Describe how the rate of cooling impacts crystal size in
igneous rocks. Fast cooling creates small crystals, slow
cooling creates large crystals
140.
Where is Earth’s magnetic field generated? The core
Folding and erosion occurred after the
gypsum, limestone and coal but
Freeport sandstone and gray
formation of bullet shale,
before the formation of
shale
141.
In which diagram would the observer experiences the greatest intensity of insolation? 54 the least intense insolation? 22
142.
Where does most seismic activity, volcanism and
mountain building occur? Plate boundaries
143.
Describe a divergent boundary. At a divergent boundary
two plates are moving away from each other as new
crust is formed.
144.
What type of rock contains visible fossils?
sedimentary
145.
Describe the relationship between temperature and the
length of the radiation emitted. The longer the
wavelength the less energy the smaller the temperature
146.
What layer do tectonic plates sit on top of?
asthenosphere
147.
What two variables are shown on a climatogram?
Precipitation and temperature
148.
Draw a rough graph of the depth of the earth
quakes versus distance from the trench on the
blank graph below.
149.
Desribe the sequence of events for this outcropping. Use terms like deposition, uplift, folding, erosion, intrusion,
extrusion. Start with the most recent event at the top of your list.
Erosion – sedimentation-erosion- folding-sedimentation
150.
What would cause the folding of layester C, D, E, F and G? compression
151.
Which two layers represent rocks of the same age?H and D
152. Describe a location that would have a climate similar to each of the graphs shown below.
Inland northern hemisphere
inland southern hemisphere equator
153. Use the diagrams in your rock packets to answer these questions:
154. What name is applied to coarse grained, felsic igneous rock? granite
155. What name is given to a sedimentary fragmental rock composed of pebbles or cobbles cemented together? Conglomerate
or breccia
156. What clastic sedimentary rock has the smallest grains of sediment? shale
157. What sedimentary rock is primarily made of calcite? limestone
158. What sedimentary rock/s can change into marble? Limestone or dolostone
159. Which foliated metamorphic rock has the smallest crystals? slate
160. Why does convection occur? Hot fluids expand and
rise, as the fluid expands and rises the fluid cools and
begins to condense and sink.
161. Which variable is always plotted on the x-axis?
Independent
the y-axis? dependent
162. What is quantitative data? Numerical
qualitative data? Descriptive without numbers
163. If Earth’s axis were tilted more than 23.5, what would
happen to the seasonal average temperatures here in
California? Become more severe (colder winters and
hotter summers)
164. What is the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the object? NOT A POSSIBLE QUESTION FOR US
165. Describe the motion of each of the carts shown below:
Speeding
slowing down
not moving
not moving
166. What would be the best metric unit to measure the length of a dollar bill? cm
167. One kilometer equals 1000 meters. What does the prefix kilo- mean? thousand
168. A person walks 1 mile every day for exercise, leaving her front porch at 9:00 am. and returning to her front porch at 9:25
am. What is the total displacement of her daily walk? 0 m
169. Explain law of conservation of energy. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed only converted from one type to another
170. Which of the following would change temperature most rapidly? metal Why? Lowest specific heat, electrons flow easily
a. wood
b. water
c. metal
d. wool
171. What color sand could you sprinkle on snow to make it melt quickly? black
172. Describe the main difference between solids and liquids. Solid substances have bonds between atoms that act like
permanent springs allowing only vibrations. Liquids however, have temporary bonds between atoms allowing slipping
and sliding of atoms around each other
173. What kind of electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths slightly longer than visible light? infrared