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PHYSICAL SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE 1. Color in the west side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to illustrate the polarity recorded in the rocks. The west side should be a mirror image of the east side. If you want to see it drawn, just ask during class. 2. When do the Sun’s rays strike Earth at their northernmost and southernmost positions? The Sun’s rays strike Earth at their northernmost positions at the summer solstice and their southernmost positions at the winter solstice. 3. When does summer occur in terms of tilt of the Earth? Summer here in the northern hemisphere occurs when the Earth is tilted towards the Sun. 4. According to the law of conservation of mass, what must be true before and after a chemical reaction? The mass before and after a reaction must be the same (the equation must be balanced). 5. What kind of radiation is made of helium nuclei? Alpha radiation 6. What kind of radiation can be stopped by a piece of paper? Alpha radiation 7. What kindof radiation is made of electrons? Beta radiation 8. What kind of radiation is most penetrating? Gamma radiation 9. What happens in a fission reaction? a fusion reaction? In a fission reaction, larger atoms are bombarded with nuetrons and split into two smaller atoms (and some more nuetrons). In a fusion reaction, two small nuclei (usually hydrogen) fuse to form one larger nucleus. 10. What does the stability of an isotope depend on? The stability of an isotope depends on the proton to neutron ratio. 11. When will an earthquake cause resonance in a building? An earthquake will cause resonance in a building when the frequency of the seismic waves matches the natural frequency of the building. 12. When you built your walls in the Structural Reinforcement Activity which floor collapsed first? The first floor collapsed first. 13. What is the relationship between the height of a building (or a rod in the BOSS Model Activity) and its natural frequency? The taller the building the smaller the natural frequency (fewer oscilations per second). 14. What kinds of reactions are shown below: 2H2O 2H2 + O2 Decomposition 2H2 + O2 2H2O Synthesis Na + LiCl Li + NaCl Single Replacement NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl Double Replacement 15. Where are the products and reactants in a chemical 16. What is an endothermic reaction? exothermic reaction? equation? Products are on the right and reactants are on An endothermic reaction absorbes heat (it is on the reactant the left side) whereas an exothermic reaction releases heat (it is on the product side). 17. List three things that are caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface. Seasons, winds, ocean currents (there are others). 18. What kind of plate sinks in a subduction zone? Why? Oceanic plates sink at subduction zones because they are more dense than continental plates. 19. In what kind of plate boundary do the plates slide past each other? Plates slide past each other at transform fault (strike slip) boundaries. 20. What kind of gas causes global warming? Carbon dioxide (most important), methane, along with many other gases cause global warming. 21. What kind of energy transfer does not require matter? Radiation 22. What state of matter has atoms held tightly in place? Solid (although atoms do vibrate in place even in solids). 23. Describe what happens (in terms of movement of energy) when you touch a piece ice with your finger. Heat energy flows from your finger into the ice. Cold doesn’t flow because cold is the absence of heat. 24. Draw a diagram illustrating the movement of surface winds around a high pressure system in the Northern Hemisphere. 25. List three things that keep Earth’s temperatures within a suitable range for life as we know it. Unequal heating of Earth’s surface, loss of heat to space and the greenhouse effect. H 26. Describe how a mountain range can affect climate. As the prevailing winds blow up towards a mountain range the air rises, cools and any water in it condenses and falls as rain (the windward side is usually cool and damp). As the air sinks down the other side (leeward side) it warms and can hold more water so the weather is usually clear and dry. 27. Which numbers represent infiltration and transpiration? Whoops there isn’t a number for infiltration, so follow the arrow. Transpiration is #1. 28. Why do clouds form? Clouds form as water vapor condenses. 29. What must be true in order for infiltration to occur? The soil must be unsaturated and permeable. 30. Identify the phase/s of matter present in each line segment: AB: _____solid___________________________ BC: _____solid and liquid___________________ CD: _____liquid__________________________ DE: ______liquid and gas___________________ EF: ______gas___________________________ 33. Cool air over the poles will __sink (cold air is dense). 34. What process transfers energy primarily as electromagnetic waves? Radiation 31. How old is island B in comparison to islands A and C? B is older than A and younger than C. 32. How old is island D in comparison to islands A and C? D is older than both A and C. 35. What do we call drops of water or ice that are too large to stay suspended in the air? precipitation 36. What causes high pressure systems? sinking air results in high pressure systems 37. What kind of pressure systems do we find near the poles? high pressure systems because there is a constant supply of sinking cold air. 38. Describe what is happening to the air as it flows down the leeward side of the mountain range. As air flows down the leeward side it warms up and can hold more water. As a result the climate is probably warm and dry. 39. Why is the ozone layer important to life on Earth? Ozone filters out harmful radiation that would make life on land impossible. 40. 41. Where is the ozone layer? be specific. The ozone layer is in the lower part of the stratosphere. 42. 43. Why does it take less time to get a sunburn on a summer day than it does on a winter day? (assuming it is sunny out!) The Sun’s 44. rays are hitting us more directly during the summer because Earth is titled toward the Sun during summer time. Earth’s earliest atmosphere was lacking in what element necessary for life as we know it? Earth’s earliest atmosphere was lacking in oxygen. What causes summer days to be longer than winter days here in Piedmont? Summer days are longer because during the summer the Earth is tilted towards the Sun. Why is it usually warmer at the equator than it is at the poles? It is usually warmer at the equator than the poles because the equator gets more direct sunlight than the poles (the angle of insolation is close to 90 most of the year at the equator). 45. What direction do the prevailing westerly winds move ocean water? To the east! 47. Give an example of two isotopes of the same element using the following format, 12 6 46. As air rises pressure decreases and what happens to its volume? As pressure decreases volume increases. mass atomicnumber Symbol . C and 146C 48. Why are atoms electrically neutral? Atoms are electrically neutral because they have the same number of protons and neutrons. 49. What were the first elements created after the Big Bang? Hydrogen and helium 50. List six factors of weater. wind direction, wind speed, temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, humidity 51. Why do clouds form? Clouds form as air cools to the point where any water vapor in it condenses (forms a liquid). 52. How do moutain ranges affect climate? . As the prevailing 53. winds blow up towards a mountain range the air rises, cools and any water in it condenses and falls as rain (the windward side is usually cool and damp). As the air sinks down the other side (leeward side) it warms and can hold more water so the weather is usually clear and dry. Uranium-235 decays through a long but relatively fast series into Lead-206 which is stable. In the following diagrams, the black dots represent U-235 atoms and the white dots represent Pb-206 atoms. According the principle of radioisotope dating, which of the following rocks is the youngest? oldest? a. b. c. youngest d. oldest 54. Which element is in Group 14 and Period 2 of the Periodic Table. Carbon 55. Where are the metals on the Periodic Table? the nonmetals? Metals are on the left side of the staircase and nonmetals are in the upper right side of the Periodic Table. 56. Which group on the Periodic Table is rarely found in compounds? Why? Noble gases are rarely found in compounds because they already have a full set of eight electrons. 57. How is the periodic table organized? The periodic table is organized by atomic number. 58. How many electrons does an atom of oxygen have? Oxygen has eight electrons. 59. Describe the difference between solids and liquids in terms of molecular motion and spacing. Solids and liquids are both tightly packed, but in liquids atoms can move relative to each other whereas solids just vibrate in place. 60. Do gases release or absorb energy as they condense and form liquids? Gases release energy as they condense. 62. A whale bone that originally contained 100 grams of radioactive carbon-14 now contains 25 grams of carbon-14. How many carbon-14 half-lives have passed since this whale was alive? Two half lives have passed. 63. When you squeeze together the coils of a spring (like a slinky) and then release them, what kind of wave are you creating? compression wave 64. What part of the world receives the most solar radiation? the tropics (the equatorial regions). 65. What is another term for earthquake waves? seismic waves. 66. What kind of forces cause strike-slip faults? shear forces 67. Describe P-waves. P-waves are the fastest type of seismic waves, they can travel through both solids and liquids and they cause the least amount of damage. 68. What is the difference between magma and lava? Magma is molten rock that hasn’t reached the surface. Lava is molten rock at the surface. 69. How can you identify a shield volcano in terms of shape and type of eruption? Shield volcanoes have large bases and shallow slopes. They are made from runny lava and are the largest of type of volcano 70. What happens at a transform plate boundary? At a transform boundary two plates are grinding past each other. 61. 71. What do we call the process of liquid water becoming water vapor? evaporation or vaporization What makes climate different from weather? Climate (long term) encompasses the temperatures, humidity, atmospheric pressure, winds, rainfall in a given region over long periods of time, as opposed to the term weather (short term), which refers to current activity of these same elements.. 72. What particle moves around the nucleus? The electron 73. What is the mass number of an atom with 26 protons, 30 neutrons and 26 electrons? 56 amu 74. What makes an ion different from an atom? An atom has no charge:the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Ions are charged due to an imbalance of protons and electrons. What kind of bond forms when atoms share electons? covalent 75. Where do intrusive igneous rocks form? Underneath the crust 77. How many atoms are present in Al(NO3)3?13 78. What must be true of a balanced chemical equation? The number of atoms of each element on the product side must equal those on the reactant side. 79. How many electrons are needed to make an atom stable? Depending on the outer most electron shell. If the outer most shell is full of electrons then the atom is stable. 80. How can you tell if a rock is foliated? It has layers that are not necessarily flat. 81. What kinds of things cause metamorphism in rocks? Intense heat and/or pressure 82. What makes minerals different from rocks? A mineral 83. is composed of only one compound that is repeated. Rocks are made from more than one mineral and other materials, What do B and C represent? B; wavelength C: amplitude What is the name of the compound with the formula NaCl? sodium chloride What kind of plate boundary is illustrated by this picture? transform 87. Why does a water filled paper cup held in a flame not catch fire? The paper cup will not get hotter than the water inside it 89. Labe l the diffe rent phas es of matt er and phas e chan ges occu rring on the graph below. AB: solid BC: melting has solid and liquid CD: liquid is warming DE: liquid and gas EF: gas is warming What causes global warming (list three things)? The hole in the ozone layer, heat produced from burning fossil fuels and heat trapped by greenhouse gases 76. 84. 85. 86. 88. 90. What type of substance warms up very quickly? metals 93. Why do islands experience moderate temperatures? The water surrounding them acts as a heat sink due to high specific heat 95. Compare the climate at A to that of B. A is cooler and more humid, B is warmer and drier 96. If location C is on the equator, describe the pressure and precipation that area experiences. Low air pressure and high precipitation 97. 99. 102. A substance that heats up quickly has a _____low____ specific heat. 94. What happens when you put an ice pack on your knee (in terms of energy)? Heat is transferred form the knee to the ice pack. How would an reduction in surface ice cover affect the amount of solar radiation reflected by the surface of the Earth? Less reflectivity 98. Describe a surface that would absorb a lot of electromagnetic energy from the Sun (in terms of texture, luster and color). Bumpy or irregular, dull, black What causes the Coriolis Effect? The rotation of the 100. Compare Earth’s continental crust and its oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense and thicker than oceanic crust Earth on its axis causes the Coriolis effect. 101. 91. 92. Label the seasons on the diagram. For the northern hemisphere: A: winter B: Spring C: Summer D: Fall 103. What kind of rocks are formed by cooling magma or lava from a molten state? igneous 104. What kind of rocks are altered by heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface? metamorphic 105. Describe the term climate. Long term averages for temp, precipitation 106. List the following from smallest to largest: universe, solar system and galaxy (solar system>galaxy>universe) 107. Compare protons and neutrons in terms of location, mass and charge. Protons and neutrons are 1 amu, located in the nucleus, Protons have a positive charge while neutrons have no charge What would sprinkling snow with dark sand do to its melting rate? Would white sand have the same impact?Dark sand would increase metling rate of the snow; the opposite of white sand How would reducing the surface ice cover change the surface temperature of the Earth? Temperature would increase 108. Define the term ion. A charged atom due to an imbalance of protons and electrons 110. Why doesn’t the ocean mix by convection? The sun heats the ocean from the top not the bottom 112. Define the term half-life. The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay into another element. 113. What kind of radiation is emited by the Earth? infrared 114. Why don’t oceans mix by convection? The sun heats the ocean from the top not the bottom 115. What makes a compound different from a miture? A compound is a substance formed by 2 or more elements in which the exact combination and proportion of elements is always the same unlike a mixture What kind of rock forms as a result of cooling from a molten state? igneous 116. What are protons and neutrons made of? quarks 118. What kind of rock is formed as it is altered by heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface? Metamorphic Explain the difference between weight and mass. What does your weight measure? Weight is the force of gravity acting on the mass of an object. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object. Will your mass increase or decrease if you were to go to the moon? Mass will not change 120. One object is twice as massive as another object, describe the inertia of these two objects. The larger the mass the more inertia the object has. 122. If a hockey puck is set in motion across a frozen pond. If ice friction and air resistance are neglected, what force is required to keep the puck sliding at a constant velocity? none Compare vector and scalar quantities. Vectors have direction and magnitude. Scalar has no direction. 124. If an object’s mass decreases while a constant force is applied to the object, the acceleration will increase 125. 127. _____________________________. The force of friction on a sliding object is 10 N. What is the magnitude of the applied force needed to maintain a constant velocity? 10 N 129. Hang from a pair of gym rings and the upward support forces of the rings will always 130. 132. _each ring will carry half the weight A bag of groceries has a mass of 10 Kg and a weight of about ____100N (9.8 is rounded to 10) so 10 x 10 = 100 134. Why do we observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red end of the visible spectrum when we look at light from distant galaxies? Distant galaxies are moving away 109. 111. 117. 119. 121. 123. 126. An object is pulled northward with a force of 25 N and southward with a force of 10 N. What is the magnitude of the net force on the object? 128. A tow truck exterts a force of 4000 N on a car, accelerating it at 2m/s/s. What is the mass of the car? 2000 kg 131. A boy pulls on a 15 kg with a constant force of 30 N. What is the wagon’s acceleration in meters per second per second? 2m/s/s 133. A 600 N skydiver opens her parachute and experiences an air resistance force of 800 N. What is the net force on the skydiver? 200 N up 135. What type of EM radiation does Earth radiate? infrared 136. Describe the cause of winds. Winds are caused by difference in pressure of air masses 137. What causes the movement of tectonic plates? The convection currents of the magma in the asthenosphere 138. Which type of air mass is associated with warm dry conditions? cT warm wet conditions? mT cool dry conditions? cP 139. Describe how the rate of cooling impacts crystal size in igneous rocks. Fast cooling creates small crystals, slow cooling creates large crystals 140. Where is Earth’s magnetic field generated? The core Folding and erosion occurred after the gypsum, limestone and coal but Freeport sandstone and gray formation of bullet shale, before the formation of shale 141. In which diagram would the observer experiences the greatest intensity of insolation? 54 the least intense insolation? 22 142. Where does most seismic activity, volcanism and mountain building occur? Plate boundaries 143. Describe a divergent boundary. At a divergent boundary two plates are moving away from each other as new crust is formed. 144. What type of rock contains visible fossils? sedimentary 145. Describe the relationship between temperature and the length of the radiation emitted. The longer the wavelength the less energy the smaller the temperature 146. What layer do tectonic plates sit on top of? asthenosphere 147. What two variables are shown on a climatogram? Precipitation and temperature 148. Draw a rough graph of the depth of the earth quakes versus distance from the trench on the blank graph below. 149. Desribe the sequence of events for this outcropping. Use terms like deposition, uplift, folding, erosion, intrusion, extrusion. Start with the most recent event at the top of your list. Erosion – sedimentation-erosion- folding-sedimentation 150. What would cause the folding of layester C, D, E, F and G? compression 151. Which two layers represent rocks of the same age?H and D 152. Describe a location that would have a climate similar to each of the graphs shown below. Inland northern hemisphere inland southern hemisphere equator 153. Use the diagrams in your rock packets to answer these questions: 154. What name is applied to coarse grained, felsic igneous rock? granite 155. What name is given to a sedimentary fragmental rock composed of pebbles or cobbles cemented together? Conglomerate or breccia 156. What clastic sedimentary rock has the smallest grains of sediment? shale 157. What sedimentary rock is primarily made of calcite? limestone 158. What sedimentary rock/s can change into marble? Limestone or dolostone 159. Which foliated metamorphic rock has the smallest crystals? slate 160. Why does convection occur? Hot fluids expand and rise, as the fluid expands and rises the fluid cools and begins to condense and sink. 161. Which variable is always plotted on the x-axis? Independent the y-axis? dependent 162. What is quantitative data? Numerical qualitative data? Descriptive without numbers 163. If Earth’s axis were tilted more than 23.5, what would happen to the seasonal average temperatures here in California? Become more severe (colder winters and hotter summers) 164. What is the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the object? NOT A POSSIBLE QUESTION FOR US 165. Describe the motion of each of the carts shown below: Speeding slowing down not moving not moving 166. What would be the best metric unit to measure the length of a dollar bill? cm 167. One kilometer equals 1000 meters. What does the prefix kilo- mean? thousand 168. A person walks 1 mile every day for exercise, leaving her front porch at 9:00 am. and returning to her front porch at 9:25 am. What is the total displacement of her daily walk? 0 m 169. Explain law of conservation of energy. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed only converted from one type to another 170. Which of the following would change temperature most rapidly? metal Why? Lowest specific heat, electrons flow easily a. wood b. water c. metal d. wool 171. What color sand could you sprinkle on snow to make it melt quickly? black 172. Describe the main difference between solids and liquids. Solid substances have bonds between atoms that act like permanent springs allowing only vibrations. Liquids however, have temporary bonds between atoms allowing slipping and sliding of atoms around each other 173. What kind of electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths slightly longer than visible light? infrared