Download active immunity（主动免疫）: Immunity acquired through direct

active immunity（主动免疫）: Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of
the immune system by antigen.
active transport（主动运输）:Transport of molecules against a concentration
gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration)
with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP.
Alcohol fermentation（乙醇发酵）：is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast,
when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the
glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid into
ethanol, a C-2 compound.
aerobe（好氧微生物）: A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of
free gaseous oxygen (O2).
aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）: From Aspergillus flavus t, a mycotoxin that typically
poisons moldy animal feed and can cause liver cancer in humans and other
animals.
AIDS（爱滋病）: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome. The complex of signs
and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection.
Ames test（艾姆氏实验）: A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially
carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective
bacteria
anabolism（合成代谢）: The energy consuming process of incorporating nutrients
into protoplasm through biosynthesis.
anaerobe（厌氧微生物）: A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the
absence of oxygen.
antibiotic（抗生素）:A chemical substance from one microorganism that can
inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.
antibody（抗体）: A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that
interacts specifically with that antigen.
antigen（抗原）: Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune
response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a
toxin.
antigenic determinant（抗原决定基）:The precise molecular group of an antigen
that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.
antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:A substance such as a drug that competes with,
substitutes for, or interferes with a normal metabolite.
antiseptic（防腐剂）：A growth-inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent
infection.
antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals
(deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who
have recovered from specific nfections.
antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizesa specific toxin.
Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself.
arthrospore（节孢子）：A fungal spore formed by the septation fragmentation of
hyphae.
ascospore（子囊）：A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota
following nuclear fusion and meiosis.
asepsis（无菌）：A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms.
autoantibody（自身抗体）：An "anti-self antibody having an ffinity for tissue
antigens of the subject in which it is formed.
autoantigen（自身抗原）： Molecules that are inherently part of self but are
perceived by the immune system as foreign
autoimmune disease（自身免疫疾病）：The pathologic condition arising from the
production of antibodies against autoantigens. Example: rheumatoid arthritis.
Also called autoimmunity
bacteriophage（噬菌体）：A virus that specifically infects bacteria.
bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth.
binary fission（二分裂）：The formation of two new cells of approximately equal
size as the result of parent cell division.
B lymphocyte (B cell)： A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells and
antibodies.
broad spectrum（广谱）：A word to denote drugs that affect many different types
of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.
Capsid（衣壳）：The protein covering of a virus's nucleic acid core. Capsids
exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers.
capsomer（衣壳粒）： A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.
capsule（荚膜）： In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of
simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with
virulence.
Catabolism（分解代谢）：The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into
simpler units to be used in cell metabolism.
cell-mediated immune（细胞介导免疫）： The type of immune responses brought
about by T cells, such as cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper effects.
chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：An organism that relies upon inorganic
chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a
chemolithotraph
chemotaxis（趋化性）： The tendency of organisms to move in response to a
chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).
Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）：The use of chemical substances or drugs to treat
or prevent disease.
Chitin（几丁质）：A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This
polymer makes up the homy substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and
certain fungi
complement（补体）：In immunology, serum protein components hat act in a
definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or
by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway.
Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexual fungal spores shed as free units from the tips of
fertile hyphae. Conjugation（接合）：In bacteria, the contact between donor and
recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids.
Can involvespecial (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated
protozoans.
Colony(菌落)： A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each
arising from the multiplication of a single cell.
Contaminant（污染物）：An impurity; any undesirable material or organism.
Culture（培养物）：The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a
nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media.
curd
differential medium（鉴别培养基）： A single substrate that discriminates
between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their
appearance due to different chemical reactions.
differential stain（鉴别染色）： A technique that utilizes two dyes to distinguish
between different microbial groups or cell parts by color reaction.
Disinfection（消毒）：The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or
their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces.
ELISA（酶联免疫）： Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a
very sensitive serological test used to detect antibodies in diseases such as AIDS。
endospore（芽孢）： A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that
germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The
bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridiim are typical sporeformers.
endotoxin（内毒素）： A bacterial intracellular toxin that is not ordinarily
released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a
phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative
bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever.
enriched medium（加富培养基）： A nutrient medium supplemented with blood,
serum, or some growth factor to promote the multiplication of
fastidiousmicroorganisms.
enveloped virus（包膜病毒）：A virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a
membrane derived in part from the host cell. It usually contains exposed
glycoprotein spikes specific for the virus. essential nutrient（必须营养）：Any
ingredient such as a certain amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, or mineral that
cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet. A growth
factor. eucaryotic cell（真核细胞）： A cell that differs from a procaryotic cell
chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus),
membrane-bound subcellular organdies, and mitotic cell division.
Exotoxin（外毒素）：A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a
specific cellular target. Examples: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and
erythrogenic toxin.
Facultative（兼性的）：Pertaining to the capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust
to variations; not obligate. Example: The presence of oxygen is not obligatory for
a facultative anaerobe to grow.
Fermentation（发酵）：The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation
of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes,
fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic
chemicals or other products.
Flagellum（鞭毛） -- Hair-like structure attached to a cell, used for locomotion in
many protists and prokaryotes. The prokaryotic flagellum differs from the
eukaryotic flagellum in that the prokaryotic flagellum is a solid unit composed
primarily of the protein flagellin, while the eukaryotic flagellum is composed of
several protein strands bound by a membrane, and does not contain flagellin.
The eukaryotic flagellum is sometimes referred to as an undulipodium.
Genotype（表型）：The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organism's
phototype, or expressed characteristics.
Glycolysis（糖酵解）：The energy-yielding breakdown (fermentation) of glucose
to pyruvic or lactic acid. It is often called anaerobic glycolysis because no
molecular oxygen is consumed in the degradation.
Gram stain（革兰氏染色）：A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification
and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal
violet-mordant retention; whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after
loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain.
Granulocyte（粒细胞）：A mature leukocyte that contains noticeabte granules in
a Wright stain. Examples: neutrophils, eoainophils, and basophils.
growth factor（生长因子）： An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino
acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient.
Halophlle（嗜盐菌）： A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or
requires a high concentration of salt for growth.
H antigen（H-抗原）： The flagellar antigen of motile bacteria. H comes from the
German word hauch that denotesthe appearance of speading growth on solid.
helper T cell（辅助 T-细胞）：A class of thymus-atimulated lymphocytes that
facilitate various immune activities such as assisting B cells and macrophages.
Also called a T helper cell.
Heterotroph（异养菌）： An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its
carbon and energy needs.
Immunity（免疫）：An acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior
contact with that agent.
immunogen（免疫原）： Any substance that induces a state of sensitivity or
resistance after processing by the immune system of the body.
immune system（免疫系统）：One of the eleven major body organ systems in
vertebrates; defends the internal environment against invading microorganisms
and viruses and provides defense against the growth of cancer cells.
immunoglobulin（免疫球蛋白）： The chemical class of proteins to which
antibodies belong.
Inclusion（内含物）： A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage
granules, glycogen, fat, or some other aggregated metabolic product.
Infection（感染）： The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic
organisms within a host.
infectious disease（感染性疾病）： The state of damage or toxicity in the body
caused by an infectious agent.
Inflammation（发炎）： A natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that
protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and
blocks the spread of an infectious agent.
Inoculation（接种）： The implantation of microorganisms into or upon culture
media.
Interferon（干扰素）： Naturally occurring polypeptides produced by fibroblasts
and lymphocytes that can block viral replication and regulate a variety of
immune reactions.
Isolation（分离）： The separation of microbial cells by serial dilution or
mechanical dispersion on solid media to achieve a clone or pure culture.
Latency（潜伏）： The state of being inactive. Example: a latent virus or latent
infection.
L form（L-型菌）： L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are
induced by drugs or chemicals.
Lipopolysaccharide（脂多糖，LPS）： A molecular complex of lipid and
carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of
gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such
as fever
Lysis（溶解）： The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell.
Lysogeny（溶原性）： The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host
without bringing about the production of virions. A lysogenic cell can revert to a
lytic cycle, the process that ends in lysis.
lysosome （溶酶体）：A cytoplasmic organelle containing lysozyme and other
hydrolytic enzymes. lysozyme（溶菌酶）： An enzyme that attacks the bonds on
bacterial peptidoglycan. It is a natural defense found in tears and saliva.
macrophage A while blood cell derived from a monocyte that leaves the
circulation and enters tissues. These cells are important in nonspecific
mixed culture（混合培养）： A container growing two or more different, known
species of microbes.
monoclonal antibody（单克隆抗体）： An antibody produced by a clone of
lymphocytes that respond to a particular antigenic determinant and generate
identical antibodies only to that determinant.
Monocyte（单核细胞）： A large mononuclear leukocyte normally found in the
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and loose connective tissue. This type of cell
makes up 3% to 7% of circulating leukocytes.
Mutagen（诱变剂）：Any agent that induces genetic mutation. Examples: certain
chemical substances, ultraviolet，light, radioactivity.
Mutation（突变）： A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or
content of a cell. Mycelium（菌丝体）： The filamentous mass that makes up a
mold. Composed of hyphae.
narrow spectrum（窄谱）： Denotes drugs that are selective and limited in their
effects. For example, they inhibit either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria,
but not both.
negative stain（负染色）：A staining technique that renders the background
opaque or colored and leaves the object unstained so that it is outlined as a
colorless area
nitrogen fixation（固氮）：A process occurring in certain bacteria in which
atmospheric Na gas is converted to a form (NH^ usable by plants.
Nucleocapsid（核衣壳）： In viruses, the close physical combination of the nucleic
acid with its protective covering.
Nucleoid（拟核）：The basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the
bacterial chromosome.
Nutrient（营养物质）：Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for
normal metabolism and growth. Macronutrients are required in large amounts,
and micronutrients in small amounts.
Obligate（专性的）： Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic.
Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate
aerobe must have oxygen to grow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.
Parasite（寄生）： An organism that lives on or within another organism (the
host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite
produces some degree of harm in the host indirectly by donation of preformed
immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another Individual.
Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）： Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk,
fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid
chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents
infection and spoilage.
Pathogen（病原体）：Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or
helminth, that causes disease.
Saprophytes(腐生型) Organisms that obtain their nutrients from decaying plants
and animals. Saprophytes are important in recycling organic material.
Pathogenidty（致病性）：The capacity of microbes to cause disease.
Pathology（病原学）：The structural and physiological effects of disease on the
body.
passive transport（被动扩散）Diffusion across a plasma membrane in which the
cell expends no energy.
Penicillins（青霉素）：A large group of naturally occurring and synthetic
antibiotics produced by penicillium mold and active against the cell wall of
bacteria.
Peptidoglycan(肽聚糖)： A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by
short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative
bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive
bacteria.
Plasmids（质粒）Self-replicating, circular DNA molecules found in bacterial cells;
often used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Small circles of
double-stranded DNA found in some bacteria. Plasmids can carry from four to
20 genes. Plasmids are a commonly used vector in recombinant DNA studies.
periplasmic space（周质空间）：The region between the cell wall and cell
membrane of the cell envelopes of gram-negative bacteria.
Phage（噬菌体）：A bacteriophage; a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria.
Phenotype（表型）： The observable characteristics of an organism produced by
the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.
Photoautotroph（光能自养菌）： An organism that utilizes light fails energy and
carbon dioxide chiefly for its' carbon needs.
Pilus（性丝） Projection from surface of a bacterial cell (F+) that can donate
genetic material to another (F-).
prokaryote cell（原核细胞）： A small, simple cell lacking a true nucleus, a
nuclear envelope, and membrane-enclosed organelles
prophage（前噬菌体）：A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently
incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing, viral replication
and lysis. prophylactic Any device, method, or substance used to prevent disease.
Protoplast（原生质体）：A bacterial cell whose cell wall is completely kicking and
that is vulnerable to osmotic lysis.
Pseudohypha（假菌丝）：A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped
yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa.
Psychrophile（嗜冷菌）：A microorganism that thrives at low temperature
(0°-20°C), with a temperature optimum of 0°-15°C.
respiratory chain（呼吸链）：In cellular respiration, a series of electron-carrying
molecules that transfers energy-rich electrons and protons to molecular oxygen.
In transit, energy is extracted and conserved in the form of ATP.
reverse transcriptase（逆转录酶）：The enzyme possessed by retroviruses that
carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA—a form of reverse transcription.
SCP（单细胞蛋白）：Abbreviation for single-cell protein, a euphemistic expression
for microbial protein intended for human and animal consumption..
selective media（选择培养基）： Nutrient media designed to favor the growth of
certain microbes and to inhibit.
Serotyping（血清型）：The subdivision of a species or subspecies into an
immunologic type, based upon antigenic characteristics.
sexual reproduction（有性繁殖）A system of reproduction in which two haploid
sex cells fuse to produce a diploid zygote.
Spheroplast（球形体）：A gram-negative cell whose peptidoglycan, when digested
by lysozyme,remains intact but is osmotically vulnerable
spike（刺突）：A receptor on the surface of certain enveloped viruses that
facilitates specific attachment to the host cell.
Spirillum（螺菌）：A type of bacterial cell with a rigid spiral shape and external
flagella.
Spirochete（螺旋体）：A coiled, spiral-shaped bacterium that has endoflagella and
flexes as it moves.
Sporangium（孢囊）：A fungal cell in which asexual spores are formed by multiple
cell cleavage. Sterilization（灭菌）：Any process that completely removes or
destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat.
Material so treated is sterile.
Strain（菌株）：In microbiology, a set of descendants cloned from a common
ancestor that retain the original characteristics. Any deviation from the original
is a different strain.
subcellular vaccine（亚单位疫苗）： A vaccine against isolated microbial antigens
rather than against the entire organism.
superoxide ion（超氧离子）： A toxic radical form oxygen metabolism
suppressor T cell（抑制 T 细胞）：A class of T cells that inhibits the actions of B
cells and other T cells.
temperate phage（温和噬菌体）：A bacteriophage that enters into a less virulent
state by becoming incorporated into the host genome as a prophage instead of in
the vegetative or lytic form that eventually destroys the cell.
thermal death point（致死温度）：The lowest temperature that achieves
sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure.
Examples:55°C for Escherichia coil. 60°C for Mycobaaerium tuberculosis, and
120°C for spores.
thermal death time( 热致死时间)：The least time required to kill all cells of a
culture at a specified temperature.
Therrnophlle（嗜热菌）：A microorganism that thrives at a temperature of 50°C
or higher.
T lymphocyte (T cell)：A white blood cell that is processed in the thymus gland
and is involved in cell-mediated immunity.
Toxoid（类毒素）：A toxin that has been rendered nontoxic but is still capable of
eliciting the formation of protective antitoxin antibodies; used in vaccines.
Transduction（转导）：The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to
another by means of a bacteriophage vector.
Transformation（转化）：In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material
contained in "naked" DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient
cell.
Transposon（转座）：A DNA segment with an insertion sequence at each end,
enabling it to migrate to another plasmid, to the bacterial chromosome, or to a
bacteriophage.
Vaccine（免疫法）：Originally used in reference to inoculation with the cowpox
or vaccinia virus to protect against smallpox. In general, the term now pertains
to injection of whole microbes (killed or attenuated), toxoids, or parts of
microbes as a prevention or cure for disease.
Virold（类病毒）：An infectious agent that, unlike a virion, lacks a capsid and
consists of a closed circular RNA molecule. Although known viroids are all plant
pathogens, it is conceivable that animal versions exist.
Zygospore（接合孢子）：A thick-walled sexual spore produced by the zygomycete
fungi. It develops from the union of two hyphae, each bearing nuclei of opposite
mating types.
微生物学 microbiology
病毒学 virology
噬菌体学 bacteriophagology
细菌学 bacteriology
鉴定细菌学 determinative bacteriology
系统细菌学 systematic bacteriology
真菌学 mycology
原生生物学 protistology
原生动物学 protozoology
普通微生物学 general microbilogy
微生物分类学 microbial taxonomy
微生物生理学 microbial physiology
微生物生物化学 microbial biochemistry
微生物遗传学 microbial genetics
微生物生态学 microbial ecology
古微生物学 paleomicrobiology
土壤微生物学 soil microbiology
水生微生物学 aquatic microbiology
海洋微生物学 marine microbiology
悉生生物学 gnotobiology
医学微生物学 medical microbiology
兽医微生物学 veterinary microbiology
农业微生物学 agricultural microbiology
工业微生物学 industrial microbiology
石油微生物学 petroleum microbiology
食品微生物学 food microbiology
乳品微生物学 diary microbiology
瘤胃微生物学 rumen microbiology
诊断微生物学 diagnostic microbiology
病原学 etiology
国际微生物学会联合会 International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS
中国微生物学会 Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM
世界培养物保藏协会 World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC
中 国 微 生 物 菌 种 保 藏 管 理 委 员 会 China Committee for Culture Collection of
Microorganisms, CCCCM
美国模式培养物保藏所 American Type Culture Collection, ATCC
自然发生说，无生源说 spontaneous generation, abiogenesis
原界 urkingdom
始祖生物 progenote
古始生物界 archetista
古细菌 archaebacteria
原生生物 protista
原生动物 protozoan
原生植物 protophyte
真核生物 eukaryote
原核生物 prokaryote
裂殖植物 schizophyte
微生物 microorganism
数值分类法 numerical taxonomy
模式目 type order
模式科 type family
模式属 type genus
模式种 type species
模式株 type strain
真菌 fungi
捕食真菌 predacious fungi
虫道真菌 ambrosia fungi
地下真菌 hypogeal fungi
虫生真菌 entomogenous fungi
菌根真菌 mycorrhizal fungi
木腐菌 wood-decay fungi
霉菌 mold, mould
半知菌 imperfect fungi
子囊菌 ascomycetes
粘菌 slime mold, slime mould
壶菌 chytrid
卵菌 oomycetes
接合菌 zygomycetes
担子菌 basidiomycetes
核菌 pyrenomycetes
盘菌 cup fungi
块菌 truffles
锈菌 rust fungi
蘑菇 mushrooms
毒蘑菇 poisonous mushroom
酵母菌 yeast
无孢子酵母菌 asporogenous yeasts
有孢子酵母菌 sporogenous yeasts
黑粉菌 smut fungi
双态性真菌 dimorphic fungi
毛外癣菌 ectothrix
毛内癣菌 endothrix
完全真菌 perfect fungi
黑粉病 smut disease
锈病 rust disease
菌丝 hypha
菌髓 trama
假菌丝体 pseudomycelium
气生菌丝体 aerial mycelium
基内菌丝体 substrate mycelium
球拍状菌丝体 racquet mycelium
结节状菌丝 nodular mycelium
梳状菌丝 pectinafe mycelium
螺旋菌丝 spiral mycelium
匍匐菌丝 stolon
次生菌丝体 secondary mycelium
有隔菌丝 septate hypha
无隔菌丝 nonseptate hypha
生殖菌丝体 reproductive mycelium
营养菌丝体 vegetative mycelium
不育菌丝体 sterile mycelium
菌丝体 mycelium
黄癣菌丝 favic chandelier mycelium
产囊丝 ascogenous hypha
产囊体 ascogonium
原植体 thallus
粘菌体 aethalium
合胞体 syncytium
虫菌体 hyphal body
盾状体 clypeus
子实体 fruiting body
产孢体 gleba
子实层体 hymenophore
子实层 hymenium
子实下层 subhymenium
菌丝层 subiculum
菌丝段 hyphal fragment
菌丝束 coremium
菌丝索 funiculus
菌核 sclerotium
器菌核 pycnosclerotium
菌环 annulus
菌裙 indusium
菌盖 pileus
顶体 apicle
藏卵器 oogonium
雄器 antheridium
[锈菌]性孢子器 pycnium
锈子器 aecium
精子器 spermogonium
囊状体 cystidium
粉孢子梗 oidiophore
小梗 sterigma
接合孢子柄 zygosporophore
孢囊柄 sporangiophore
配囊柄 suspensor
孢子梗 sporophore
分生孢子梗 conidiophore
雄器柄 androphore
帚状枝 penicillus
瓶梗 phialide
梗基 metulae
芽孔 germ pore
芽管 germ tube
芽缝 germ slit
孢丝 capillitium
周丝 periphysis
类周丝 periphysoid
侧丝 paraphysis
拟侧丝 pseudoparaphysis
类侧丝 paraphysoid
[孢子]外壁 exosporium
外生菌根 ectomycorrhiza
内生菌根 endomycorrhiza
内外生菌根 ectendomycorrhiza
泡囊丛枝菌根 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
刺突 spike
弹丝 elater
刚毛 seta
微体 microbody
泡囊 vesicle
隔膜 septum
假隔膜 pseudoseptum
分生孢子盘 acervulus
分生孢子座 sporodochium
精子团 spermatium
囊基膜 hypothallus
囊层基 hypothecium
囊层被 epithecium
囊间丝 hamathecium
囊托 apophysis
囊领 collarette
囊轴 columella
孔口 ostiole
菌托 volva
孢子角 cirrus
孢子球 spore ball
孢子印 spore print
聚簇 cluster
[菌丝]融合 anastomosis
[孢子]切落 abjunction
[孢子]缢断 abstriction
多态[现象] polymorphism
缢缩[作用] constriction
粉孢子 oidium
孢子 spore
掷孢子 ballistospore
厚壁孢子 chlamydospore
环痕孢子 annellospore
节孢子 arthrospore
卷旋孢子 helicospore
腊肠形孢子 allantospore
孔出孢子 porospore
星形孢子 staurospore
线形孢子 scolecospore
砖格孢子 dictyospore
侧生孢子 aleuriospore
芽生孢子 blastospore
瓶梗孢子 phialospore
无梗孢子 thallospore
分生孢子 conidium
大分生孢子 macroconidium
小分生孢子 microconidium
节分生孢子 arthroconidium
芽分生孢子 blastoconidium
器孢子 pycnidiospore
无隔孢子 amerospore
双胞孢子 didymospore
多隔孢子 phragmospore
休眠孢子 hypnospore
顶生孢子 acrospore
顶生厚壁孢子 fuseau
内分生孢子 endoconidium
担孢子 basidiospore
双孢担孢子 dispore
同形孢子 isospore
柄生孢子 stylospore
[锈菌]性孢子 pycniospore
产雄器孢子 androspore
锈孢子 aeciospore
夏孢子 urediniospore, aeciospore
冬孢子 teliospore
四分孢子 tetraspore
粘孢子 myxospore
多核孢子 coenospore
孢囊孢子 sporangiospore
子囊孢子 ascospore
多核细胞 coenocyte
分生孢子果 conidiocarp
分生孢子器 pycnidium
孢[子]囊 sporangium
柱孢子囊 merosporangium
四分孢子囊 tetrasporangium
原孢子囊 prosporangium
多核孢子囊 coenosporangium
休眠孢子囊 hypnosporangium
子囊 ascus
接合孢子 zygospore
拟接合孢子 azygospore
原囊壁子囊 prototunicate ascus
单囊壁子囊 unitunicate ascus
双囊壁子囊 bitunicate ascus
子囊果 ascocarp
子囊壳 perithecium
闭囊壳 cleistothecium
闭囊果 cleistocarp
盘状子囊果 discocarp
孢囊果 sporangiocarp
[接]合子 zygote
单性合子 azygote
多核合子 coenozygote
异形合子 heterozygote
合子核 zygotonucleus
游动合子 planozygote
担子 basidium
半担子 hemibasidium
隔担子 heterobasidium
无隔担子 holobasidium
有隔担子 phragmobasidium
内生担子 endobasidium
原担子 protobasidium
上担子 epibasidium
下担子 hypobasidium
同担子 homobasidium
担子果 basidiocarp
担子体 basidiophore
配子 gamete
原配子 progamete
雄配子 androgamete
雄核发育 androgenesis
同形配子 isogamete
异形配子 heterogamete
游动配子 zoogamete
多核配子 coenogamete
配子囊 gametangium
配子母细胞 gametocyte
同形配子囊 isogametangium
原配子囊 progametangium
小孢子囊 sporangiole
微包囊 microcyst
足细胞 foot cell
脚胞 foot cell
固着器 holdfast
附着枝 hyphopodium
吸盘 sucker
锁状细胞 clamp cell
锁状联合 clamp connection
偶核细胞 zeugite
卵球 oosphere
卵质 ooplasm
孢原质 sporoplasm
卵配子 oogamete
卵孢子 oospore
球状胞 sphaerocyst
子囊腔 locule
子囊盘 apothecium
子囊座 ascostroma
缝裂壳 hysterothecium
下子座 hypostroma
包被 peridium
子座 stroma
壳心 centrum
拟包被 pseudoperidium
无融合生殖 apomixis
同宗配合 homothallism
准性生殖 parasexuality
异宗配合 heterothallism
同配生殖 isogamy
异配生殖 heterogamy
无配生殖 apogamy
配囊交配 gametangial copulation
交配型 mating type
全型 holomorph
夏孢子期 uredostage
冬孢子堆 teleutosorus, telium
夏孢子堆 uredinium
子囊孢子形成 ascosporulation
孢子形成 sporulation
细菌 bacteria
薄壁[细]菌类 gracilicutes
硬壁[细]菌类 fermicutes
疵壁[细]菌类 mendosicutes
无壁[细]菌类 tenericutes
柔膜细菌 mollicutes
真细菌 eubacteria
暗细菌 scotobacteria
无氧光细菌 anoxyphotobacteria
生氧光细菌 oxyphotobacteria
放线菌 actinomycetes
螺[旋]菌 spirilla
粘细菌 slime bacteria
鞘细菌 sheathed bacteria
柄细菌 caulobacteria
弧菌 vibrio
根瘤细菌 root nodule bacteria
硫酸盐还原菌 sulfate reducting bacteria
硫细菌 sulfur bacteria
铁细菌 iron bacteria
紫色无硫细菌 purple nonsulfur bacteria
产甲烷菌 methanogen
硝化细菌 nitrobacteria
反硝化细菌 denitrifying bacteria
固氮细菌 nitrogen fixing bacteria
甲基营养菌 methylotrophic bacteria
产乙酸菌 acetogen
同型[产]乙酸细菌 homoacetogenic bacteria
光合作用细菌 photosynthetic bacteria
产氢产乙酸细菌 hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria
同型发酵乳酸菌 homofermentative lactic bacteria
异型发酵乳酸菌 heterofermentative lactic bacteria
产氢菌 hydrogenogens
产气菌 aerogen
不产气菌 anaerogen
发光细菌 luminous bacteria
产色细菌 chromogenic bacteria
化能异养菌 chemoheterotrophic bacteria
化能自养菌 chemoautotrophic bacteria
光能异养菌 photoheterotrophic bacteria
光能自养菌 photoautotrophic bacteria
化能有机营养菌 chemoorganotrophic bacteria
化能无机营养菌 chemolithotrophic bacteria
光能有机营养菌 photoorganotrophic bacteria
光能无机营养菌 photolithotrophic bacteria
有机营养菌 organotrophic bacteria
无机营养菌 lithotrophic bacteria
贫[营]养细菌 oligotrophic bacteria
一氧化碳营养菌 carboxydotrophic bacteria
自养菌 autotrophic bacteria
异养菌 heterotrophic bacteria
光养菌 phototrophic bacteria
需氧菌 aerobe
微需氧菌 microaerobe
耐氧菌 aerotorelant bacteria
厌氧菌 anaerobe
兼性厌氧菌 facultative anaerobe
专性厌氧菌 obligate anaerobe
溶原性细菌 lysogenic bacteria
腐生菌 saprophytic bacteria
苛求菌 fastidious microorganism
极端细菌 extreme bacteria
嗜压菌 barophilic bacteria
嗜盐菌 halophilic bacteria
嗜铁菌 siderophilic bacteria
嗜高渗细菌 osmophilic bacteria
微嗜氮菌 oligonitrophilic bacteria
嗜冷[细]菌 psychrophilic bacteria
嗜酸菌 acidophilic bacteria
嗜硫菌 thiophilic bacteria
中温菌 mesophilic bacteria
耐热细菌 thermophilric bacteria
氢营养菌 hydrogenotrophic bacteria
肠道细菌 intestinal bacteria
类菌体 bacteroid
细菌小体 bacteriosome
微生子 gonidium
蓝细菌 cyanobacteria
[蓝细菌]连锁体 hormogonium
类囊体 thylakoid
藻胆蛋白体 phycobilisome
静息孢子 akinete
滑行 gliding
异形[囊]胞 heterocyst
化学型 chemotype
化学变型 chemovar
血清型 serotype
血清变型 serovar
致病型 pathotype
致病变型 pathovar
生物型 biotype
生物变型 biovar
形态型 morphotype
形态变型 morphovar
革兰氏阳性菌 Gram-positive bacteria
革兰氏阴性菌 Gram-negative bacteria
球菌 coccus
双球菌 diplococcus
四联球菌 tetrads
八叠球菌 sarcina
球杆菌 coccobacillus
杆菌 rod
双杆菌 diplobacillus
棒状菌 corynebacteria
[细菌]毛状体 trichome
单鞭毛菌 monotricha
周[鞭]毛菌 peritricha
丛[鞭]毛菌 lophotricha
两端单[鞭]毛菌 amphitrichate
单端丛[鞭]毛菌 cephalotricha
滑行细菌 gliding bacteria
细菌 L-型 L-form of bacterium
菌落 colony
酵母型菌落 yeast type colony
类酵母型菌落 yeast like colony
次生菌落 secondary colony
粗糙型菌落 rough colony
光滑型菌落 smooth colony
丝状型菌落 filamentous type colony
子菌落 daughter colony
深层菌落 deep colony
粘液型菌落 mucoid colony
巨大菌落 giant colony
侏儒型菌落 dwarf colony
菌苔 lawn
菌胶团 zoogloea
菌膜 pellicle
[菌]醭 mycoderm, pellicle
群游现象 swarming
菌柄 stipe
[菌体]附器 appendage
鞭毛 flagellum
周质鞭毛 periplasmic flagella
轴丝 axial filament
菌毛 pilus
性丝 sex pilus
外生孢子 exospore
内生孢子 endospore
芽孢 spore
芽孢形成 sporulation
终端芽孢 terminal spore
近端芽孢 subterminal spore
中生芽孢 central spore
前芽孢 forespore
[芽孢]皮层 cortex
芽孢外膜 exitine
芽孢内膜 intine
外壁 exine
伴胞晶体 parasporal crystal
菌蜕 ghost
鞘 sheath
荚膜 capsule
粘液层 slime layer
微荚膜 microcapsule
壁膜间隙 periplasmic space
原生质体 protoplast
原生质球 spheroplast
气泡 gas vacuole
甲烷粒体 methanochondria
间体 mesosome
载色体 chromatophore
鞭毛基体 flagellar basal body
异染质 volutin
异染粒 matachromatic granules
致死颗粒 killer particle
紫膜 purple membrane
噬菌体 bacteriophage
无囊盖类 inoperculatae
超显微微生物 ultramicroscopic organism
真菌噬菌体 mycophage
噬藻体 phycophage
烈性噬菌体 virulent phage
温和噬菌体 temperate phage
前原噬菌体 preprophage
原噬菌体 prophage
隐性前噬菌体 cryptic prophage
营养期噬菌体 vegetative phage
载体噬菌体 carrier phage
λ 噬菌体 lambda particles phage
[可]诱导噬菌体 inducible phage
同源免疫噬菌体 homoimmune phage
噬菌体分型 bacteriophage typing
噬菌体型 phagetype
噬菌体变型 phagevar
噬斑 plaque
[噬菌体]聚合头部 polyhead
[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘 polysheath
[噬菌体]伞毛 fimbrium
[噬菌体]颈须 whisker
[噬菌体]先导蛋白 pilot protein
[噬菌体]尾丝抗原 fiber antigen
[噬菌体]顶体 apex
[噬菌体]基片插孔 base-plate hub
[噬菌体]基片丝 base-plate fibril
[噬菌体]基片楔突 base-plate wedge
[噬菌体]串联体 concatemer
[噬菌体]颈部 collar
[噬菌体]顶部壳粒 apical capsomere
[噬菌体]尾丝 tail fiber
[噬菌体]畸形体 monster
[噬菌体]颈圈 connector
[噬菌体]髓部 core
[噬菌体]头部 head
[噬菌体]尾部 tail
[噬菌体]尾管 tail tube
[噬菌体]尾鞘 tail sheath
类病毒 viroid
病毒 virus
真病毒 euvirus
亚病毒 subvirus
原病毒 provirus
拟病毒 virusoid
卫星病毒 satellite virus
假型病毒 pseudotype virus
慢病毒 slow virus
辅助病毒 helper virus
过客病毒 passenger virus
多分体病毒 multicomponent virus
昆虫痘病毒 entomopox virus, EPV
颗粒体症病毒 granulosis virus, GV
多角体病毒 polyhedrosis virus
核型多角体病毒 nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV
质型多角体病毒 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV
多粒包埋型病毒 multiple embedded virus
单粒包埋型病毒 singly embedded virus
伴随病毒 associated virus
浓核病毒 densovirus,DNV
内源病毒 endogenous virus
潜伏病毒 latent virus
肠道病毒 enterovirus
艾柯病毒 ECHO virus
虫媒病毒 arbovirus
腺病毒 adenovirus
腺伴随病毒 adeno associated virus
真菌病毒 mycovirus
肿瘤病毒 oncovirus
逆[转]录病毒 retro virus
坏死病毒 necrosis virus
虹彩病毒 irido virus
泛嗜性病毒 pantropic virus
毒株 strain
原[生小]体 elementary body
包含体 inclusion body
顾氏小体 Guarnieri's bodies
内氏小体 Negri's body
病毒[粒]体 virion
裸露病毒[粒]体 naked virion
假病毒体 pseudovirion
立体对称 cubical symmetry
二十面体对称 icosahedral symmetry
螺旋对称 helical symmetry
[病毒]五邻体 pentomer,pentons
[病毒]六邻体 hexonmer,hexons
复合对称 complex symmetry
包膜突起 peplomerbody
包膜 envelope, peplos
蛋白质包膜 protein envelope
[病毒]包膜抗原 envelope antigen
[病毒]壳体 capsid
[病毒]壳粒 capsomer, capsomere
二十面[体]壳体 icosahedron capsid
核心 core
核壳 nucleocapsid
病毒原质体 viroplasma
病毒束 virus bundle
多角体 polyhedron
多角体蛋白 polyhedrin
颗粒体 granule
颗粒体蛋白 granulin
类核 nucleoid
内含颗粒 inclusion granule
X 体 X-body
[病毒]早期蛋白 early protein
[病毒]晚期蛋白 late protein
负链 negative strand
正链 positive strand
复制子 replicon
病毒发生基质 virogenic stroma
衣原体 chlamydia
[衣原体]始体 initial body
立克次氏体 rickettsia
假肽聚糖 pseudopeptidoglycan
肽聚糖 peptidoglycan
磷壁酸 teichoic acid
胞壁酸 muramic acid
2,6-吡啶二羧酸 dipicolinic acid, DPA
脂多糖类 lipopolysaccharides
多糖包被 glycocalyx
鞭毛蛋白 flagellin
菌毛蛋白 pilin
杀白细胞素 leucocidin
豆血红蛋白 leghaemoglobin
藻胆蛋白 phycobiliprotein
藻青蛋白 phycocyanin
藻红蛋白 phycoerythrin
藻青素 cyanophycin
藻蓝素 algocyan, leucocyan
藻胆素 phycobilin
藻红[胆]素 phycoerythrobilin
藻蓝胆素 phycocyanobilin
藻青素颗粒 cyanophycin granule
别藻蓝素 allophycocyanin
类葫萝卜素 carotenoids
细菌淀粉粒 granulose
聚 β 羟基丁酸盐 poly-β-hydroxy butyrate
葡萄球菌 A 蛋白 staphylococcal protein A, SPA
纯化蛋白衍生物 purified protein derivative, PPD
[葡萄球菌]凝固酶 staphylocoagulase
β[细胞]溶素 β-lysin
α 淀粉酶 α-amylase
通透酶 permease
胞内酶 intracellular enzyme
胞外酶 extracellular enzyme
果胶酶 pectinase
逆[转]录酶 reverse transcriptase
凝固酶 coagulase
受体破坏酶 receptor destroying enzyme, RDE
透明质酸酶 hyaluronidase
纤维素酶 cellulase
链道酶 streptodornase,SD
链激酶 streptokinase,SK
神经氨酸酶 neuraminidase
青霉素酶 penicillinase
溶菌酶 lysozyme
[细菌]紫膜质 bacteriorhodopsin
菌紫素 bacteriopurpurin
[细]菌[叶]绿素 bacteriochlorophyll
自溶素 autolysin
亲菌素 bacteriotropin
攻击素 aggressin
抑殖素 ablastin
粘附素 adhesin
菌红素 bacterioerythrin
灵菌毒素 prodigiosus toxin
细菌素 bacteriocin
麻风菌素 lepromin
葡萄球菌素 staphylococcin
伞菌氨酸 agarfitine
苏云金菌素 thuricin
肠球菌素 enterococcin
布氏菌素 brucellin
大肠菌素 colicin, colicine
丁香假单胞菌素 syringacin
黄色粘球菌素 xanthacin
链球菌素 streptocin
流产菌素 abortin
绿脓[菌]素 pyocyanin
红假单胞菌素 rhodopseudomonacin
绿脓菌荧光素 pyofluorescein
白喉毒素 diphtheria toxin
杯伞素 clitocybine
白细胞溶素 leucolysin
表皮溶解毒素 epidermolytic toxin
产气荚膜梭菌素 perfringocin
肠毒素 enterotoxin
毒蝇碱 muscarine
肺炎球菌毒素 pneumotoxin
鬼笔[毒]环肽 phalloidin
根霉蝶呤 rhizopterin
肺炎[链]球菌溶血素 pneumolysin
黑粉菌酸 ustilagic acid
分枝菌酸 mycolic acid
齿孔酸 eburicoic acid
根霉促进素 rhizopin
蘑菇素 agaricin
蘑菇酸 agaricinic acid
红斑毒素 erythrogenic toxin
黄曲霉毒素 aflatoxin
菌丝酰胺 mycelianamide
绿脓杆菌溶血素 pyocyanolysin
葡萄球菌溶血毒素 staphylolysin
真菌毒素 mycotoxin
曲霉毒素 aspertoxin
赭曲毒素 ochratoxin
曲酸 kojic acid
破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素 tetanospasmin
溶葡萄球菌素 lysostaphin
破伤风[菌]溶血素 tetanolysin
溶纤维蛋白溶酶 fibrinolysin
溶血素 hemolysin
鼠疫菌素 pesticin
神经毒素 neurotoxin
外毒素 exotoxin
细菌毒素 bacteriotoxin
血凝素 hemagglutinin
杂色曲霉素 A versicolorin A
柄曲霉素 sterigmatocystin
毒植物素 phytotoxin
真菌醇 mykol
链球菌溶血素 streptolysin
剥脱性毒素 exfoliative toxin
细菌荧光素 bacteriofluorescein
[放线菌]土臭味素 geosmins
土壤杆菌素 agrobacteriocin
产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis
生物转化 bioconversion
生长因子 growth factor
420 因子 factor 420
V 因子 V factor
X 因子 X factor
杀[细]菌素 bactericidin
内毒素 endotoxin