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Fundamentals of Psychology: The Brain, The Person, The World Stephen M. Kosslyn Robin S. Rosenberg Allyn & Bacon Learning Chapter 4 Thoughts on Learning “Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival.” -- W. Edwards Demming “Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.” -- B.F. Skinner “I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it.” -- Pablo Picasso What Is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning ■ Classical conditioning ■ Operant conditioning ■ Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Examples ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms Smell of mom’s perfume: smiling Sight of certain restaurant: nausea Noise of a can opener: cat comes running Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning ■ Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Observation ■ Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 ■ Food (US): salivation (UR) • Reflexive response ■ Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 ■ CS is repeatedly paired with the US • A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 ■ Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR • Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response ■ Avoidance learning ■ Conditioned phobias • Little Albert Classical Conditioning ■ Extinction ■ Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning ■ Stimulus generalization ■ Stimulus discrimination Classical Conditioning Applied ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Drug overdoses Smoking: environmental cues Systematic desensitization Advertising: sex appeal Taste aversion Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning ■ Classical conditioning ■ Operant conditioning ■ Cognitive and social learning Operant Conditioning: Examples ■ ■ ■ ■ Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums Slot machine pays out: gamble more Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning ■ Thorndike’s puzzle box • Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated ■ Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles ■ Stimulus-Response ■ Reinforcement • • Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment ■ Should be • • • • • Swift Consistent Appropriately aversive Inescapable Accompanied by an alternative behavior ■ Challenges • • Physical punishment may be imitated May fear the person who punishes ■ Most effective when paired with reinforcers ■ The punisher should expect retaliation Reinforcement ■ ■ ■ ■ Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Behavior modification Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement ■ Generalization ■ Discrimination • Discriminative stimulus ■ Extinction ■ Spontaneous recovery Building Complex Behaviors ■ Shaping • • Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior Used to train animals to do complex tricks Reinforcement Schedules ■ Continuous reinforcement ■ Partial reinforcement • • • • Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio Classical versus Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning • • • Learned association between US and CS Organism is passive Responses elicited Operant conditioning • Associate response and reinforcement • Organism is active • Responses emitted Types of Learning ■ Classical conditioning ■ Operant conditioning ■ Cognitive and social learning Cognitive Learning ■ Latent learning • Tolman’s rats: cognitive maps Insight Learning ■“Aha” experience Observational Learning ■ Bandura’s Bobo doll study