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Transcript
CHAPTER 2 Heredity & Prenatal Development 1. 2. a. b. c. c. a. b. d. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. e. a. b. c. d. f. a. b. g. a. h. a. b. i. a. j. a. b. The Influence of Heredity on Development a. Genetic influences on development b. Mitosis – genetic code carried into new cells in our bodied c. Meiosis – sperm and ova are produced this way d. Twins Monozygote, dizygote Chromosomes and Genes a. Chromosomes, genes, polygenic, DNA defined b. Discussion of autosomes and sex chromosomes Development of monozygotic and dizygotic twins explained How traits are determined explained Alleles, homozygous, dominant trait, recessive trait, carriers, multifactorial problems defined Chromosomal Abnormalitites Down’s syndrome explained Discussion of sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter syndrome, Turner and Triple X syndrome Genetic Abnormalities Transmission of phenylketonuria (PKU) explained Huntington’s disease (HD) described Sickle-cell anemia and statistics of disease presented Tay-Sachs disease discussed Cystic Fibrosis discussion Sex-linked Genetic Abnormalities Hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy discussed Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Testing Purpose and process of amniocentesis Purpose and process of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Purpose and process of ultrasound and sonogram Purpose and process of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay Heredity and Environment Genotypes defined Phenotypes defined Kinship Studies Discussion of the purpose of kinship studies Twin Studies: Looking in the Genetic Mirror Reasons why studies on MZ and DZ twins occur Discussion of contribution of MZ and DZ twin studies to understanding role of heredity and environment in development Adoption Studies Contribution of adoption studies to understanding development discussed Conception: Against all Odds The role of ova and hormones in fertilization explained Sperm cell development stages explained c. k. a. b. c. d. e. l. a. m. a. b. c. d. e. f. n. a. b. o. a. b. c. d. e. p. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. q. a. b. Discussion of problems affecting male fetus development Infertility and Other ways of Becoming Parents Causes of infertility described Artificial insemination procedure explained In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) explained Surrogate mother process explained Adoption choice discussed Selecting the Sex of Your Child Discussion of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) process Prenatal Development Germinal stage developmental process discussed Embryonic stage developmental process explained How sexual differentiation occurs explained Role of the amniotic sac, fluid and placenta explained Fetal stage developmental process explained Changes in fetal development presented chronologically Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Role of nutrition in fetal development explained Contributing factors to stillbirth explained Teratogens and Health Problems of the Mother Exposure to teratogens during critical periods explained Contributions of different sexually transmitted infections on fetal development explained Influence of rubella on prenatal development Effect of toxemia on prenatal development explored Rh incompatibility explained Drugs Taken by the Parents Thalidomide birth defects explained Role of hormones contributing to health problems in offspring Discussion of high doses of vitamins A and D Maternal addiction to heroin and methadone and effects on newborns described Marijuana and risks to fetus explained Cocaine abuse and risk of stillbirth, low birth weight (LBW), and birth defects explained Alcohol and risks for the embryo and fetus explained (fetal alcohol syndrome) Conflicting caffeine study results discussed Effects of cigarettes on fetal development explored Environmental Hazards Discussion of lead, mercury, zinc, polychlorinated biphenyls and radiation on development Parents’ age and contribution to developmental issues explored