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Homework Packet #23: Roman and Byzantine Empires Review
Location of Rome (Word Bank: Mediterranean, powers, BCE, CE, Alps, Mediterranean, commerce, Italian)
Ancient Rome was powerful between 700 ______ and 500 _____. Rome was centrally located on the _________________
Peninsula in the _________________ Basin far from Mediterranean ______________. The _________ Mountains
provided protection and the __________________ Sea provided protection and encouraged sea-borne _______________
Roman mythology (Word Bank: Greek, art, human, Jupiter, natural, events, Juno, Diana, beauty, wisdom, sun)
Roman mythology was borrowed from and based on the _____________ polytheistic religion. The myths explained
___________ phenomena (like storms), _____________ qualities, and life __________________. The most important
Roman god was _____________; ______________ was his wife. ______________ was the goddess of the hunt; Minerva
was the goddess of ______________ and Venus was the goddess of ________________. Apollo was the ___________
god. Symbols and images of Roman gods appear in literature, _______________ and architecture.
Social structure/ Citizenship (Word Bank: patricians, slaves, race, plebeians, men, taxes, military, foreigners)
________________ were the powerful nobility who were few in number. The majority of the population was made up of
____________ who had less power. _______________ were at the bottom. Slavery was not based on ________. All
Roman plebeian and patrician ________ were citizens along with selected _______________. Citizens had rights (like
voting) and responsibilities like paying _____________ and serving in the ___________________.
Features of democracy (Word Bank: Consuls, representative, Assemblies, Athens, Twelve Tables, republic )
Rome developed _________________ democracy, which means that citizens voted for people to make the laws, unlike in
Athens, which had direct democracy where citizens actually made the laws themselves. A country with elected leaders is
called a _________________. The _______________ was the most important group of law makers. Groups of
lawmakers are called __________. Two _______________ were picked to lead the military. Plebeians fought to have
Roman law codified (written down); the codified law was called the ________________.
Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage (264–146 B.C.E.) (WORD BANK: ALPS, CARTHAGE (2), HANNIBAL, ROMAN, WEALTH)
Rome and ______________ were in competition for trade. Using elephants, _______________ invaded the Italian
Peninsula through the _________ Mountains. The three Punic Wars resulted in _______________ victory, the destruction
of ____________ and more trade and ______________ for Rome.
Decline of Roman Republic (Word Bank: currency, Julius Caesar, slavery, farmers, unemployment, empire)
The Rome Republic (when Rome had representative democracy) came to an end. The Republic was replaced with an
____________ with one strong leader. One reason the republic lost power was that ________________ spread into the
agricultural system. Since slaves worked for free, _______________ lost their jobs and migrated into the cities looking for
jobs. There weren’t enough jobs, so _________________ as a problem. Another reason the republic declined was the their
was a civil war (Romans fighting Romans) over the power of _______________________. Finally, Roman
________________ lost its value and inflation became a problem
The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome (Word Bank: triumvirate, assassinated, Augustus, Julius, Antony, Gaul, Romana, Britain,
emperor, emperors)
Three powerful leaders (Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar) known as the First ________________ competed for power.
____________ Caesar seized power and was named “Dictator for Life.” Some Senators feared he was becoming too
powerful so they _____________ him. After his death, ______________ Caesar defeated Marc ______________ to take
power. He became Rome’s first true ______________. The empire unified and enlarged Rome to include most of Western
Europe, like ___________ and _________ (France today). Once Augustus Caesar took power a 200 year period of peace
prosperity called Pax _____________ began. During this time the Roman Empire expanded and was solidified, especially in
the Near East. One problem, however, was that Rome did not have a good way to peacefully select new _______________.
Impacts of the Pax Romana (Word Bank: social, money, families, law, civil, roads)
During the Pax Romana Rome developed a uniform system of ______________, which helped with trade. Rome
guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman ______________. It was a time of prosperity and stability. ________________
classes became stable and ________________ became stronger. To rule such a large empire, Rome developed a
__________ service (like China) and a uniform rule of ____________ (everyone had to follow the same rules).
Christianity (Word Bank: Jesus, Judaism, monotheistic, polytheistic, Messiah, death, Testament, incarnation, councils, son)
Christianity has its roots in ____________________ and was started by ________________ of Nazareth, who was
proclaimed ______________ (the person sent to save the Jews). Jesus is considered the _________ of God and the
________________ of God (God on Earth). Christians believe in life after _____________. The New _______________
of the Bible contains the accounts of the life and the teachings of Jesus along with writings of early Christians. Christian
doctrines (beliefs) were established by church ___________________. Christianity is a ________________ (belief in one
god) religion, which conflicted with the _______________ beliefs of the Roman Empire.
Spread of Christianity (Word Bank: official, message, martyrs, Paul, loyalty, Constantine, unifying)
Christianity spread because the _______________ was popular and early ______________ (people who die for their
religion) inspired others. Christianity was carried by the Apostles, including __________, throughout the Roman Empire.
Emperor __________________ converted to Christianity and made it legal. It later became the ____________ state
religion and the church became the moral authority. _________________ to the Church became more important than
loyalty to the Emperor. The church became the main _________________ force of Western Europe.
Contributions (Word Bank: aqueducts, Colosseum, baths, schools, Ptolemy, Forum, Romance, Virgil, innocent, arches)
In architecture, the Pantheon, ________________ (where gladiators fought) and the _______________ (where the Senate
met) are famous. Romans built great roads for traveling, ___________________ for bringing fresh water to the cities and
____________ to make their buildings stronger. _________________ was a great scientist. Medical advances focused
public health with public ___________________ and medical ______________. Rome used the Latin language which
gives us _____________ languages like French and Spanish. _____________ wrote Aeneid. From the 12 Tables we get the
idea that someone accused of a crime is ______________ until proven guilty.
Decline of the Western Roman Empire (Word Bank: weak, invaders, cost, defend, currency, non-Romans, family)
Because the Roman Empire was so large, it was difficult to ____________ and administer government. The economy
weakened because of the high __________ of defense and the Roman ______________ lost its value. The military was not
as disciplined because it included many ______________________ who were not as loyal. Morals decayed as people lost
faith in Rome and the __________________. Political problems included civil conflict and __________ administrations.
____________ attacked on borders.
Division of the Roman Empire (Word Bank: Constantine, Byzantium, Germanic, trade, peninsula, Byzantine, Ottoman)
Emperor _________________ moved the Roman capital to _________________ and renamed it Constantinople. The
Western Empire lasted until 476 CE. The Eastern Roman Empire lasted until 1453 CE and was called the
_______________ Empire. Constantinople was picked as the capital because it was protected by the eastern frontier, it was
far from the _________________ invasions in the western empire, it was located at the crossroads of ______________ and
it was on an easily protected ________________ bordered by natural harbors. Constantinople was the seat of the Byzantine
Empire until the ___________________ conquest and it saved classical Greo-Roman culture and served as trade center
Byzantine Empire (Word Bank: Justinian, Christian, reconquest, codified, icons, mosaics, Greek, libraries, Orthodox, Hagia Sophia
Byzantine’s most famous emperor was _________________ who ______________ Roman law, which was later used by
much of Europe for their legal codes. He made the empire bigger through ________________ of former Roman territories
and expanded trade. The art and architecture of the Byzantine Empire was inspired by the __________________ religion
and imperial power. The Byzantines used _________________ (religious images) and created beautiful
_________________ out of small colored stones and pieces of glass. The ___________________ church was constructed
in Constantinople. Greco-Roman traditions continued to flourish in the Byzantine Empire. People spoke
_______________ instead of Latin like in the Western Roman Empire, and practiced Greek _______________
Christianity. Greek and Roman knowledge was saved in Byzantine _______________.
Eastern Church v. Western Church (Word Bank: Latin, Constantinople, Rome, Patriarch, Greek, Pope, celibacy)
The Eastern Orthodox Church was centered in _____________________, which was close to the seat of power; while, the
Roman Catholic Church was located in _____________, which was farther from the seat of power once Constantinople
became capital. The Eastern Orthodox church used ____________ as the language for the liturgy; while, the Roman
Catholic Church used ____________________. The Orthodox Church is lead by the _______________; while, the
_______________ leads the Catholic church. The practice of ____________________(no marriage for priests) was
accepted in the West.
Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia (Word Bank: trade, Russian, Cyrillic)
The Byzantine Empire was linked to Eastern Europe and Russian through ______________ routes on the Black and Baltic
Seas. Russian and much of Eastern Europe adopted _________________ Christianity and adopted the Greek alphabet for
the Slavic languages. St. Cyril created the ______________ alphabet, so Russians could read the Bible. _____________
architecture and religious art gets much of its inspiration from the Byzantine Empire