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2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Investigating the Solar System(6.8) Which planet is closest to the sun? Mercury Which two planets are considered twin planets? Uranus & Neptune KEY TERMS *planet – a large round object that orbits a star Highlight the correct answer to the *meteor – burning rock or metal that fall from following: space into Earth’s atmosphere The first four planets are made of gas/rock. *asteroid – one of many planets that revolve The last four planets are made of gas/rock. the sun *comet – an object in outer space that produces Role of Gravity: a big, shiny tail near the sun Label where the low tides are located by *rotation – the process of moving around a placing text boxes in the correct areas. point the List the eight planets incentral order from *revolution – the act of circling around an sun outward: object in a path 1. Mercury *solar eclipse – when the moon blocks the sun 2.Venus from the earth 3.Earth *lunar eclipse – when the earth blocks the sun 4.Mars from the moon 5.Jupiter 6.Saturn 7.Uranus 8.Neptune Planet Questions: The diagram shows the four inner planets at various positions in their orbits. What causes tides on Earth? The gravity between the Earth & the moon. The force that holds objects close to Earth is calledgravity. Phases of the Moon: Match the definitions to the terms. CNew Moon ECrescent Moon FGibbous Moon DFull Moon AWaxing Which planet is visible from Earth in the night sky? Mars Which planet is the largest? Jupiter Which planet is the smallest? Mercury BWaning A. This is when the moon is going from a new moon to a full moon. B. This is when the moon is going from a full moon to a new moon. C. The phase of the moon occurring when it passes between earth and the sun and is invisible. D. The moon is completely visible E. The figure of the moon as it appears in its first or last quarter, with concave and convex edges terminating in points. F. More than half but less than fully illuminated. Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Remember you are standing on Earth at night time looking up. At which position in the moon’s orbit can none of the moon’s lighted side be seen from the Earth? New moon 2015 2. Which point will be experiencingnighttime next? B The Earth makes a complete rotation once every 24 hours. Which of these would best illustrate rotation?(highlight correct answer) A. Coin spinning B. Marble going around the edge of a plate C. Puck sliding on ice D. Ball falling Earth Tilt and Seasons Seasons occur because of the tilt of the Earth. When the Earth's axis points towards the Sun, it is summer for that hemisphere. When the Earth's axis points away from the sun, winter can be expected. At which position in the moon’s orbit can all of the moon’s lighted side be seen from Earth? full The moon is Earth’s natural satellite. Revolution One complete revolution of a planet around the sun equals one year. Rotation: Mechanics of Day and Night Use the diagram below to answer the following questions: Use the diagram above to answer the following questions: 1. Which position shows summer in the Northern Hemisphere? 2 2. Which position shows winter in the Southern Hemisphere? 2 3. Which position shows summer in the Northern Hemisphere? 2 4. Which position shows winter in the Southern Hemisphere? 2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions: 1. Which point will be experiencing day light next? D 1. What season is it in the southern hemisphere of Earth 2? summer 2. Which point on Earth 1 will experience Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW the most sunlight in 24-hour period of time?D Unique Properties of Earth Use the terms below to fill in the blanks. liquid nitrogen magnetic field rocky polar solar The Earth is a rocky planet, extensively covered with large oceans of liquid water and having frozen ice caps in its polar regions. The Earth has a protective atmosphere consisting predominantly of nitrogen and oxygen and has a magnetic field. The atmosphere and the magnetic field help shield the Earth’s surface from harmful solar radiation. Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. Theories of the Solar System Explain the following scientist’s models of the solar system: Scientist Ptolemy Explain Earth is the center of the universe and everything orbits Earth Galileo Proofed the Copernicus model Space Exploration List some important events in the history of space exploration. 1969 – Neil Armstrong is the 1st man to walk on the moon 1970 – Apollo 13 took flight & had problems Describe the importance of the following: 1. Modern Rockets 2. Satellites 3. Telescopes 4. Orbital Missions Lunar and Solar Eclipse Use the diagram below to answer the following questions: Aristotle Planets are stars have personal space around Earth. The planets, stars, moon, and the sun all have their circle. 1. What is the order of the moon, Earth, and Sun in a Lunar Eclipse?Moon, Earth, & Sun 2. What is “hidden” in a Lunar Eclipse? Sun Copernicus The sun is the center of the universe. Stars do not move. Planets orbit in a circular path. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions: Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW 2015 1. What is the order of the moon, Earth, and Sun in a Solar Eclipse? Earth, Moon, Sun 2. What is “hidden” in a Solar Eclipse? Moon The number of each type of element in the compound (other than 1) is represented by a small number (subscript) to the right of the element symbol. Highlight the answer to the following questions: 1. A lunar/solar eclipse occurs when the moon is between the sun and the Earth. 2. A lunar/solar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the sun and the moon. Chemical equations Chemical equations are used to model chemicalbonds, illustrating how elements become arranged in a chemical reaction. Investigating Atoms, Elements, Molecules, and Compounds(6.4) Important Elements Write the names of the elements in each section below: List the elements in the Earth’s Crust Ca= Calcium KEY TERMS Fe= Iron om– the smallest particle is a substance that can exist by itself Al= Aluminum ectron–a particularly tiny part of matter that contains a negative charge Si= Silicon oton– an extremely petite part of an atom’s nucleus that contains a positive charge Oxygen utron– the other small part of an atom’s nucleus. This part possess’ O= no charge K= Potassium ement– a basic substance made up of one type of atoms Na= Sodium mpound- a chemical grouping of two or more elements C= areCarbon emical formula– an expression with which atoms and how many of them in a compound H= Hydrogen emical equation– a written representation of what happened during a chemical reaction Mg= Magnesium Atoms Draw and label a picture of a water atom. Yellow = hydrogen Purple = oxygen The basic structure of an atom includes the neutrons, protons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus of an atom. Compounds Draw and label the following compounds.Identify the name and number of each element represented. O2 H2O CO2 CaCO3 List the elements in living matter S= Sulfur Cl= Chlorine N= Nitrogen Ca= Calcium H= Hydrogen O= Oxygen C= Carbon K= Potassium Ph= Phosphorus Na= Sodium Mg= Magnesium List the elements in the Earth’s oceans H= Hydrogen O= Oxygen Na= Sodium K= Potassium Cl= Chlorine Mg= Magnesium Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW S= Ca= Sulfur Calcium List the elements in the Earth’s atmosphere N= Nitrogen O= Oxygen C= Carbon H= Hydrogen Ar= Argon Investigating Energy (6.2, 6.9) KEY TERMS *potential – capable of becoming *kinetic– movement of physical objects *renewable energy-energy from a source not lessen when used *nonrenewable energy–energy depleted after use, may be minor or major Potential *energy–and the Kinetic ability toEnergy move and work Use the diagram below to answer the question: Describe what is happening in terms of energy as this boy skates down the ramp. The potential energy is dropping as the kinetic energy is rising. Role of sun in formation of most energy sources on Earth The sun is the primary source of energy on Earth! 2015 Why are fossil fuels and nuclear considered two forms of non-renewable energy? Coal & oil What are the forms of fossil fuels used for energy? (List at least four) Petroleum Oil Natural Gas Coal What does non-renewable mean? Not able to be refilled RenewableResources Many of Earth’s resources are available on a perpetual basis. Some energy sources can be replenished easily. These would be considered renewable. Explain why each of the following resources are renewable. Wood/Biomass Trees can be grown. Wind Winds keeps blowing. Nothing can keep it from appearing Hydro (water)/Tidal Water energy is made from the motion of the compound. 75% of our Earth is water. Geothermal Earth contains hot rock below the surface. Hot water works just as well. Solar The sun is a burning star that will take a long time to run out of energy. Energy Transformations Use the information below to answer the question. Energy can be changed from one type of energy to another. When this occurs, some energy is always lost as heat. KEY TERMS NonrenewableResources *conservation – the monitored usage of natural resources Modern industrial society is dependent upon to prevent extinction energy. Fossil fuels are a major source of *pollution –Whattype the process making land, water, is or air not of of energy transformation energy in industrializes nations. Fossil fuels suitable for occurring usage in this picture? are rich in carbon and hydrogen. Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW ____________________________________ electrical. Some forms of energy are: Mechanical Electrical Heat Light released into enviroment Sound Chemical Lower fuel costs Continous supply KEY TERMS Management of Renewable Resources *universal solvent – water because a large number of substances dissolve inresources it Renewable are those that can be *density – dealing a quantity per amount of volume replaced, under the right conditions. *surface tension Examples of renewable resources include: Investigating Conservation (6.9) *adhesive – usually sticky water, air, soil, plant life and animal life. *cohesive – closely grouped Management of Nonrenewable Resources *weathering – weather conditions affecting the physical look orFor texture an eachofresource, give an example of how object the resource, if abused and not managed *capillary action could become a “nonrenewable” renewable Nonrenewableresources area finite *climate – the usual weather conditions in certain area resource. (there is a limited supply that once used, cannot be replaced. Examples of WATER nonrenewable resources include: coal, oil, Exploited by man for many different uses such natural gas, nuclear power and mineral as agriculture, leisure, sanitation, drinking, and resources. Many nonrenewable resources are manufacturing used to supply power, but are also the source AIR of pollution. Describe some of the costs/benefits of each nonrenewable resource. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum) COSTS Not green Creates high levels of carbon dioxide BENEFITS Easily available Produces large amounts of energy Easily transported Low cost SOIL Necessary to protect water quality, wetlands, wildlife, & vegetation communites PLANT LIFE NUCLEAR ENERGY COSTS Possibly of radioactive material BENEFITS Over greenhouse gas emissions ANIMAL LIFE Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW GAS Investigating Water(6.5) steam The unique properties of water are a major factor in the ability of our planet to sustain life! (17) Physical and Chemical Weathering Give an example of the following: 1. Physical Weathering (15) Root or ice wedging 2. Chemical Weathering Water is a Universal Solvent Explain why water is known as the “Universal Solvent”. Many substances dissolve in water Model and Composition of Water Draw and label the parts of a water molecule. Hydration / hydrolysis Relative Density of Liquid and SolidWater Explain why ice is less dense than liquid water in the picture below. EXPLAIN: Water expands when it is heated. hydrogen oxygen u Large Bodies of Water and Climate Highlight the correct term in each statement. 1. Water is able/unable to absorb heat energy without showing relatively large changes in temperature. (16) 2. Large bodies of water act to increase/moderate/decrease the climate of surrounding areas by absorbing heat in summer and slowly releasing the heat in winter. (16) 3. For this reason, the climate near large bodies of water is slightly cooler/hotter/milder than areas without large bodies of water. (16) Why is this property of water important for life on Earth? Adhesive and Cohesive Properties Explain how the picture below demonstrates adhesive and cohesive properties of water. EXPLAIN: Surface Tension Explain how the picture below demonstrates surface tension. EXPLAIN: Properties of Water in All Three States Describe the properties of each state of water. STATE SOLID LIQUID TYPE ice water PROPERTY Capillary Action Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Explain how the picture below demonstrates capillary action. EXPLAIN: Heat on States of Water As heat energy is increased (added) then water turns from solid water (ice) to liquid water to gas water (steam). Water Cycle Label the diagram below: 2015 What strategies did growing cities use to collect water? (18) – tunnels, aqueducts, wells, cisterns, pumps, reservoirs Why is water essential for agriculture? (18) crops watered by reliable irrigation systems are more productive PowerGeneration What type of power plant makes use of the kinetic energy of water as it flows through turbines? hydropower Water can be heated and turned to steam which is used to generate electricity in what manner? Spinning a turbine The Water Cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Evaporation condensation precipitation runoff ollection Importance of Water Answer the following questions. Life Where does water occur on Earth? (17) Oceans, lakes, rivers, springs, and streams How did water play an important part in the first human settlements? Water is necessary for agriculture. The original human settlements were built near springs, rivers and lakes. Public Health In the past, streams and rivers were often used to dispose of human waste, and open sewers were common. How did this practice cause problems with public health? -They were using polluted water How was the problem of human waste disposal in water solved? Unique properties of water are key to the life processes of organisms Most of Earth’s water is salt water in the oceans (97 percent). Available non-frozen, fresh water makes up less than 1 percent of the water on Earth. Water exists in ALL THREE STATES (solid, liquid and gas) on Earth. Water in Power Generation Using the diagram below, describe how water is used to produce electricity. Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW 2015 Using the diagram above, explain what is meant by Earth’s Energy Budget. Investigating the Atmosphere and Weather(6.3, 6.5, 6.6) Role of Radiation and Convection KEY TERMS Radiation and convection from the *radiation – energy that comes from a source in theEarth’s form of surface waves ortransfer heat energy. This rays you cannot see energy powers the global circulation of *convection – warm air rising together with cooler airthe or atmosphere water and the oceans on our descending forms a cycle or falling pattern called convection planet. *atmosphere – the mass of air surrounding the earth *universal solvent Cloud Formations *climate – a region with particular weather patternsFill or conditions in the blank with the correct terms. *physical weathering – rocks breaking apart without changing theiras a result of 1. Clouds form chemical composition Water that evaporates from lakes, rivers, Earth’s Energy Budget– the erosion of rocks, building *chemical weathering andmaterials streams. The Earthbyreceives only a very small portion caused chemical reactions 2. Puffy clouds that usually indicate fair of*hydroelectric the sun’s energy, yet –this energy isof electrical power power production through the weather. Cumulus responsible for powering the nal falling or flowing of water 3. Low level clouds usually in a flat layer. motion of the atmosphere, the oceans, and Stratus many processes at the Earth’s surface. 4. High level clouds that are wispy and Highlight the correct answer. made of ice crystals. Cirrus 1. The Earth’s surface is heated 5. Vertically developed, often anvil-shaped equally/unequally. clouds that represent stormy weather. 2. About 1/3, ½, ¼ of the sun’s Cumulonimbus incoming energy is reflected back out to space. Clouds (26) 3. About 1/3, ½,1/4 of the energy _Clouds_ are important indicators of striking the Earth is absorbed by the atmospheric conditions. Earth’s surface. Clouds are found at various levels within the _troposphere. Three major types of clouds are cumulus, stratus, and cirrus.. Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Layers of the Atmosphere Define each level of the atmosphere. Role of Heat Energy in Thunderstorms and Hurricanes Some thunderstorms are formed where the land is strongly heated. Hurricanes form over warm, tropical water and are fed by the energy of that water. Motion of Atmosphere and Oceans Draw arrows to indicate the direction of ocean and atmospheric currents. Indicate warm temperature s in red and cold temperature s in blue. Label major currents. Troposphere: Stratosphere: Mesosphere: Thermosphere: Atmosphere Changes with Altitude mesosphere stratosphere temperature altitude vapor pressure thermosphere troposphere atmosphere weather energy * The atmosphere is made up of layers four layers; troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere_ that have distinct characteristics. (22) • _Temperature decreases as _altitude_____ increases in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW • Most of the air that makes up the __________ is found in the Troposphere(the lowest layer). Virtually all _________ takes place there. * The amounts of heat ________ and water __________ in the air and the __________of the air largely determine what the weather conditions are. Natural and Human-caused Changes to Atmosphere Forest fires and volcanic eruptions are two natural processes that affect the Earth’s atmosphere. Many gaseouscompounds and particles are released into the atmosphereby human activity(factories, cars). Weather Maps Explain each weather map symbol. 2015 B. Measures Wind Speed C. Used to Detect and Track Storms D. Measures Relative Humidity E. Measures Temperature F. Measures Wind Direction G. Measures Air Pressure Air Quality Highlight the most important terms in this statement. Maintaining good air quality is a crucial goal for modern society, and it is everyone’s responsibility to work toward it. Ozone, a form of oxygen, can form near the surface when exhaust pollutants react with sunlight. This pollutant can cause health problems. Naturally occurring ozone is also found in the upper atmosphere and helps to shield the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. Physical Characteristics of Atmosphere Define each of the following characteristics. Barometric Temperature Humidity Pressure An isobar connects areas of the same______ _______.An isotherm connects areas of the same ______________________. Solar Energy Use the following terms: wavelength, UV radiation, infrared, visible light, reflection, refraction, absorption to describe solar energy use on Earth. As altitude decreases, air pressure _________. Weather Instruments and Measurements Match the terms. 1. Barometer ________ 2. Anemometer ________ 3. Psychrometer ________ 4. Thermometer ________ 5. Wind Vane ________ 6. Hygrometer ________ 7. Radar ________ A. Measures Humidity Wind Speed Greenhouse Effect Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Complete the following statements. 1. The primary gas in the atmosphere responsible for the greenhouse effect is ______________ _________________, which is a (mixture, compound, element). Highlight one. 2. The most abundant gases in the air are ____________ and _________________. These are both (mixtures, compounds, elements). Highlight one. 3. Name one natural greenhouse gas contributor: _______________________ 4. Name one way in which humans contribute to greenhouse gases. _________________________________ Watershed Management: A local developer wants to turn a large wetland area along the Chickahominy River into a mixed use community featuring affordable housing and retail. In the chart below, list the pros and cons of this development. PROS CONS Weather Events Describe each of the following: Tornado Hurricane Location of Watersheds Thunderstorm What type of map would be useful in determining the boundaries of a watershed? Drought How are watersheds separated? Hail Where is a flood plain found? Sleet Where can wetlands be found? Dew Snow Investigating Watersheds(6.7) What services do wetlands provide? What watershed do you live in (Virginia)? What watershed do you live in (United States)? KEY TERMS *divide In what major bodies of water do the watersheds *tributary in Virginia ultimately drain? *wetland *estuary _________________ Bay *watershed ___________ __________ Sounds *pollution _______________ of Mexico *eutrophication *erosion Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide *abiotic *biotic *slopes 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Preventing shoreline erosion What are two ways in which we can prevent shoreline erosion? Water Quality Monitoring Describe how the presence of certain organisms are an indicator of water quality (________ factors). Lawns - Watershed Systems Highlight the watershed terms in the word search below. Explain how scientists use the following measurements to assess water quality: pH Temperature Salinity Dissolved oxygen Turbidity Macroinvertebrates Nutrients Phosphates Human Impacts to the Watershed Answer the following questions. Give an example of point source pollution. Give an example of non-point source pollution. Scientific Method List the stages of the scientific method. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Scale Model Examples How can runoff negatively impact a watershed? 5 cm How do humans contribute to eutrophication in both of these cases? Farms – 32 cm 53.7 cm 1) How big is a horsefly if 1 cm = 1m? 2) How big is the ghost if 1 cm = 20 cm? 3) How big is the kitty if 1 cm = 10 cm? Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide 2015 INTRO. TO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAT REVIEW Name: Measures: Units: Types of Graphs Label each type of graph pictured below and explain when you would use it. Type: Use: Review Notes... Type: Use: Type: Use: Type: Use: Metric Conversions Complete the following conversions. 1) 50 kg = (?) mg 2) 200 g = (?) cg 3) 72 L = (?) mL 4) 11.90 daK = (?) dK 5) 60 s = (?) ms Equipment Label the following pieces of lab equipment, what they measure and the units Name: Measures: Units: Name: Measures: Units: Name: Measures: Units: Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide