Download Dr. Audrey Lugo`s AP Chemistry Course Syllabus

AP Chemistry
Room B - 203
Name__________________________________
Dr. Audrey Lugo’s AP Chemistry Course Syllabus
Welcome to AP Chemistry! You would not be here unless you have exhibited the very qualities
and dedication that will be required each day for success throughout the year and on the AP
exam. I care about every single student that enters my classroom. As such, I promise to guide you
through this material and to be available for whatever your needs are. In return, be prepared to
demonstrate a variety of critical thinking skills, lab skills, attentiveness, curiosity, and willingness
to work extremely hard to master this material.
Vision Statement:
Students that enter this class will be held responsible for learning the wonderful subject of
chemistry. They will be provided many opportunities to develop and demonstrate skills that are
essential to the real world, such as problem-solving and critical thinking. They will be encouraged
to extend themselves beyond their perceived limitations, develop a strong work ethic, and
consider the possibility that chemistry may be their new passion, while maintaining a safe and
respectful learning environment.
Non-negotiable:
1. Follow all safety protocols
2. Be respectful
3. Display integrity
Expectations:
C
Communicate
H
E
Help
Engaged
M
Motivated
I
S
T
R
Y
Integrity
Safety
Trust
Respect
Yearn for knowledge
We will read, speak, and write the language of chemistry, using only
positive, constructive vocabulary.
Help others when they need it; ask for my help by raising your hand.
We learn when we listen, take notes, and participate in all discussions
and activities.
Never let giving up be an option. Take joy in your accomplishments
and skills more than in your grades.
Honesty in your work, speech, and life is the key to gaining respect.
Read and follow all safety rules before acting. When in doubt, ask!
Trust in others, your teacher, and yourself.
Treat everyone you encounter how you want to be treated.
We all are born scientists: curious at heart. Embrace it!
Course Overview/Design:
The AP Chemistry course is designed to provide a solid first-year
college chemistry experience, both conceptually and in the laboratory.
The labs serve to supplement the learning in the lecture section of the
course. Problem-solving skills, both on paper and in the lab, are
emphasized. To prepare for the AP exam, we will review many AP
questions (both multiple choice and free response) from previous AP
exams during class, on quizzes, and on exams. AP Chemistry meets
daily during 6th period. Most college chemistry courses have a 4-hour
lab period that meets outside their normal weekly lecture. As such
there will be after school and/or weekend meeting times, which will
be announced ahead of time. I appreciate your support in this, and
please do not hesitate to ask if you have any questions or concerns.
Course topics:
The following topics will be covered in depth throughout the year and
will be tested over on the AP test. The percent given in parentheses
indicates the approximate proportion of questions on the AP test that
pertain to the topic.
I. Structure of Matter (20%)
A. Atomic theory and atomic structure
1. Evidence for the atomic theory
2. Atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical means
3. Atomic number and mass number; isotopes
4. Electron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals
5. Periodic relationships including, for example, atomic radii, ionization energies,
electron affinities, oxidation states
B. Chemical bonding
1. Binding forces
a. Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including
London dispersion forces)
b. Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matter
c. Polarity of bonds, electronegativities
2. Molecular models
a. Lewis structures
b. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bonds
c. VSEPR
3. Geometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and
coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to
structure
C. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemical applications
II. States of Matter (20%)
A. Gases
1. Laws of ideal gases
a. Equation of state for an ideal gas
b. Partial pressures
2. Kinetic-molecular theory
a. Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theory
b. Avogadro’s hypothesis and the mole concept
c. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperature
d. Deviations from ideal gas laws
B. Liquids and solids
1. Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpoint
2. Phase diagrams of one-component systems
3. Changes of state, including critical points and triple points
4. Structure of solids; lattice energies
C. Solutions
1. Types of solutions and factors affecting solubility
2. Methods of expressing concentration (The use of normalities is not tested.)
3. Raoult’s law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosis
4. Non-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects)
III. Reactions (35–40%)
A. Reaction types
1. Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination
complexes; amphoterism
2. Precipitation reactions
3. Oxidation-reduction reactions
a. Oxidation number
b. The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction
c. Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faraday’s laws; standard
half-cell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redox
reactions
B. Stoichiometry
1. Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equations
2. Balancing of equations including those for redox reactions
3. Mass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, including empirical
formulas and limiting reactants
C. Equilibrium
1. Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chatelier’s principle;
equilibrium constants
2. Quantitative treatment
a. Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kc
b. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution
(1) Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH
(2) Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation
and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds
(3) Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis
D. Kinetics
1. Concept of rate of reaction
2. Use of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate
constants, and reaction rate laws
3. Effect of temperature change on rates
4. Energy of activation; the role of catalysts
5. The relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism
E. Thermodynamics
1. State functions
2. First law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hess’s law; heats of
vaporization and fusion; calorimetry
3. Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of
change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changes
4. Relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials
IV. Descriptive Chemistry (10–15%)
Knowledge of specific facts of chemistry is essential for an understanding of principles and concepts.
These descriptive facts, including the chemistry involved in environmental and societal issues, should not
be isolated from the principles being studied but should be taught throughout the course to illustrate and
illuminate the principles. The following areas should be covered:
1. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions
2. Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal with examples
from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition
elements
3. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure,
nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic
compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas
such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and
stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas.
V. Laboratory (5–10%)
The AP Chemistry Examination includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire
in the laboratory:
• making observations of chemical reactions and substances
• recording data
• calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained
• communicating effectively the results of experimental work
AP Exam:
The AP exam consists of two sections:
Section1. 75 multiple-choice questions (90 minutes; no
calculator); Section 2. Six free-response questions (#1-3: 55
minutes, calculator allowed; #4-6: 40 minutes, no calculator)
The AP exam will be held in May and will cost approximately $87.
Please begin saving money at the beginning of the year. Payment plans
are available.
Text:
Chemistry, The Central Science. Brown, Lemay, et al.
Prior knowledge:
As this is a second-year course, students should have previous
knowledge of the following concepts (Ch. 1-4, 6, 7-11, 13, 21):
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Naming /writing formulas of compounds
Molar relationships
Electronic structure
Periodicity
History of atomic theory
Intramolecular and intermolecular bonding
Molecular geometry
Gas laws
Solutions and colligative properties
Nuclear chemistry
The following concepts’ increased complexity or unfamiliar nature
makes it necessary for me to allow more time when I cover them (Ch.
5, 12, 14-17, 19-20, 24-25):
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Chemical kinetics
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics
Redox reactions
Materials science
Buffer systems
Coordination complexes
Organic chemistry
Materials:
1. Composition book for labs
2. Spiral or 100+ loose-leaf sheets of paper for notes
3. 3-ring binder or section of binder dedicated to Chemistry
(keep all papers throughout the year to review for the AP test)
4. #2 Pencils with an eraser and/or pens
5. A box of gloves for the class
6. A signed Flinn Scientific Safety Contract and this signed syllabus
7. Graphing or scientific calculator (suggested)
Grading Policy:
Major Grades- 70%
Tests, Major Lab Expts, Major Projects, Combination of pop quizzes
Minor Grades- 30%
Homework, Class work, Quizzes, Benchmarks, Journal, & Labs
Lab time:
Chemistry is an experimental science that is most effectively learned
through direct experience. The laboratory is the place where students
learn about the behavior of matter by firsthand observation.
Meaningful laboratory work is important in fulfilling the requirements
of a college-level course of a laboratory science and in preparing a
student for sophomore-level chemistry courses. The majority of the
labs we will perform involve experiments that, once begun, must be
completed without breaks in the middle. As college-level (and
therefore AP) labs are 2-3 hours in length, lab experiments will
mainly be conducted as a class after school outside normal school
hours. These will be announced ahead of time.
Late Work/Mole Bucks:
As this is an extremely fast-paced course, keeping up with work is
imperative. Late work will only be accepted with “Mole Bucks.” Six
Mole Bucks will be handed out per semester and 1 Mole Buck equals
one day late on chapter problems or chapter notes, up to two days late.
2 Mole Bucks equal one day late on major projects (such as lab
reports). Any remaining Mole Bucks at the end of the semester may
be used as one point on the final exam. After two days with Mole
Bucks or on the first day late without Mole Bucks, all assignments
will lose 10 points per day late and will not be accepted once that
assignment has been graded and returned.
Makeup Work Policy:
A student has 2 days after returning from an absence to turn in missed
work, in accordance with district policy. The student is responsible for
obtaining missed work from the makeup work area and for scheduling
makeup tests/quizzes in the classroom the first day upon returning.
Tutorials Available:
Individual tutorials:
School tutorials:
Contact:
7th Period conference
[email protected]
(817) 306-0914
By signing, I have read, understood, and agreed upon the information in this document. I also
understand that attending scheduled lab experiments will be required frequently (~2-3 times per
month) throughout the year. This is a mandatory and essential part of the course. I also understand that
at least 5 hours per week of study and homework outside the classroom will be required for success in
this course.
Student signature_________________________ Parent signature__________________________
Student’s after-school activities with days and times (for purposes of scheduling lab
experiments):
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