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SNC2D Grade 10 Science DECEMBER EXAM 2010 REVIEW Exam Date: Friday, December 10 @ 9:00 AM, check your exam schedule for location Exam Format: Total – 75 marks Types of Questions: Multiple Choice (~25 marks), Short Answer (~50 marks) Topics Covered: Climate Change (~20 marks), Chemistry (~60 marks) Remember to bring: pen/pencils, eraser; A periodic table of elements and table of polyatomic ions will be provided. CHEMISTRY Topic Physical and Chemical Changes Periodic Table Key Concepts and Vocabulary What’s the difference between a physical and chemical change? Physical changes: examples – change of state, dissolving; Chemical changes (new substance formed): heat or light given off, bubbles/gas produced, colour change, solid precipitate, usually irreversible; Groups and Families; metals, non-metals, metalloids; Representative elements and transitional elements; Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases Atomic Structure and Atomic Notation Protons, neutrons, electrons; Bohr Diagrams and Lewis Diagrams Bohr Diagrams (for first 20 elements) – orbitals/energy shells Lewis Diagrams (all Representative Elements) – valence electrons represented; Ions and Ion representations Ions – charged particles (lost or gained electrons), cations, anions Octet rule – full valence shells are a very stable configuration (electrons are lost or gained according to which more easily results in a full valence shell) Ionic bonds, ionic compounds Ionic bonds – transfer of electrons; ionic charge/valence; Ionic compounds – metal + non-metal combination, criss-cross method to find formula, naming compounds (metal-non-metal, “ide” ending for non-metal) Atomic number, atomic weight – what do these tell about the # protons, neutrons, and electrons? e.g. MgCl2 = magnesium chloride Ionic compounds with polyatomic ions Ionic compounds with polyatomic ions – criss-cross (or “crossover”) method to find formula, convention for naming compounds; e.g. NO3- = nitrate ion (-1 charge); Mg(NO3)2 = magnesium nitrate Ionic compounds with multiple valence elements Ionic compounds with multiple valence elements – method for finding formula e.g. Iron (Fe2+ or Fe 3+ ions) e.g. Iron (II) oxide = FeO; Iron (III) oxide = Fe2O3 1 Covalent bonds, molecular compounds Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons; molecular compounds – covalent bonds, non-metal-non-metal combinations; prefix method for naming e.g. SiO2 = silicon dioxide Conservation of Mass, Balancing Chemical Equations Reactants, products, word equations, skeleton equations, balanced chemical equations; Law of Conservation of Mass – the mass (# of atoms) of the reactants must equal the mass (# of atoms) of the products; Balance chemical equations by adding coefficients and not by changing compound subscripts; Types of Reactions Recognize the following types of reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement, Combustion (hydrocarbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water) Types of Compounds and their Properties Ionic (electrically conductive, high melting points and boiling points, soluble in water, form crystalline structures, hard, brittle), Molecular (non-conductive, generally low melting points and not soluble in water, soft) Acids and Bases Physical and Chemical properties (conductive when dissolved in water? Taste? Texture? Corrosive or reactive?, ions released?), how to recognize acids and bases from chemical formulae (H + for acids, OH- or CO32- for bases); Acids and bases combine in a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt; acids will react with metals and release hydrogen gas; The pH Scale Scale goes from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), 7 is neutral; Logarithmic (exponential) scale – every step is a change of 10x (e.g. from pH 5 to pH 3 is an increase in acidity of 10 x 10 = 100x) CLIMATE CHANGE Topic Weather and climate Key Concepts and Vocabulary What’s the difference between weather and climate? Methods for obtaining weather information; Main factors affecting weather and climate; Main Components Affecting Earth’s Climate The effect of the earth’s tilt, rotation and revolution around the sun on climate Earth’s Energy Balance Energy transfer: radiation, conduction, convection; Electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation; Albedo, heat sink; The Atmosphere Atmospheric composition (gas names and %); Layers of the atmosphere, role of atmospheric circulation in transferring energy around the globe; Importance of atmosphere to life on earth: natural greenhouse effect, ozone layer, water cycle, protection from meteorites; 2 Climate Change Review Questions Example Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following statements or situations does NOT refer to weather? a) This summer had the coolest average daytime high in the last 5 years. b) The forecast for next week is for a heat wave, smog and high humidity. c) When the film An Inconvenient Truth was released, 1998 was the hottest year on record. d) Vancouver generally experiences mild, wet winters due to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean. 2 Energy is transferred by collisions between particles by a) the molecular boogie b) convection c) radiation d) conduction 3 The following are all greenhouse gases except for: a) carbon dioxide b) helium c) halocarbons d) nitrous oxide 4 Which of the following is a natural factor that affects weather and climate? a) Altitude. b) Landforms and groundcover. c) Latitude. d) All of the above. 5 Which of the following objects would possess the highest albedo? a) a snowcapped mountain range b) a black asphalt parking lot c) a large grassland d) a sheet of aluminum foil 6 The water in a pot on a gas stove gets hot due to the transfer of energy through: a) Conduction and convection b) Convection only c) Conduction only d) Radiation and conduction 7 The composition of the earth’s surface is about: a) 70% land and 30% water. b) 50% land and 50% water. c) 30% land and 70% water. d) 60% whipped cream and 40% chocolate chips. 8 Which of the following statements is false? a) The atmosphere helps maintain life on earth through its role in the water cycle. b) The greenhouse effect is necessary to maintain temperatures on earth suitable for life. c) Human activity upsetting the earth’s energy balance contributes to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. d) The planet Mars is a good example of a runaway greenhouse effect due to its dense atmosphere. 3 Short Answer 1. With the aid of 2 sketches, explain why the average temperature in the summer is warmer than the average temperature in the winter. Clearly indicate the impact of the earth’s tilt and the angle of the sun’s rays. 2. Explain the difference between climate and weather. 3. Explain, with the help of 2 diagrams, the difference between conduction and convection. In what materials can these forms of energy transfer take place? Conduction Convection Materials: Materials: 4. Name 3 gases that are components of the Earth’s atmosphere, and the approximate percentage of each. - Chemistry Review Questions 4 1. Match the terms on the left with their appropriate definitions. Matter _____ Element A A pure substance that contains two or more different elements in a fixed proportion. Examples include H2O, CH4, and CO2 B Anything that has mass and takes up space _____ Compound _____ Pure Substance C A substance that contains more than one type of particle. D A mixture that contains more than one visible part. _____ Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture Mixture E A substance that contains only one kind of particle. _____ F A mixture with only one visible part _____ G A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Examples include Ca, N and F 2. Complete the following chart: Element Aluminum Bromine Symbol Br # Electrons # Protons # Neutrons 14 Ionic Charge +3 35 3. What are 4 possible clues for a chemical change? - 5 4. Draw the following diagrams: Bohr diagram for a neon atom Lewis diagram for an arsenic atom Lewis diagram for a sulfur ion Lewis diagram for a rubidium ion 5. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? 6. What is the relationship between group number in the periodic table and ionic charge? 7. Nomenclature (Names of Compounds): Identify the positive ion and the negative ion for the following compounds. Write the chemical formula, and the compound name. Compound made of Positive ion Negative ion Formula Compound Name 1. calcium and nitrate 2. tin (IV) and chlorine 3. copper (II) and carbonate 4. barium and Bromine 6 5. tin (II) and sulfate 6. ammonium and nitrate 7. lithium and phosphorus 8. sodium and bicarbonate 9. lead (II) and phosphate 10. magnesium and hydroxide 11. silver (+2) and sulfur 12. barium and acetate 13. fluorine and manganese (II) 14. chromium (III) and nitrate 15. sulfate and Iron (III) 8. Give the Prefix compound name or formula as required for these molecular compounds: (How can you recognize these as molecular compounds?) As2O3 CS2 NO2 SiF4 Carbon tetrafluoride Dinitrogen trisulfide 9. Types of Reactions and Balancing Equations 7 10. Identify the type of reaction and balance. __NaI + __ Pb(SO4)2 __ PbI4 + __ Na2SO4 Type:_______________________ ____ Pb + ____ H3PO4 ____ H2 + ____ Pb3(PO4)2 Type:_______________________ __ Fe(OH)3 __ Fe2O3 + __ H2O Type:_______________________ __ HNO3 + __ Mg(OH)2 __H2O + __ Mg(NO3)2 Type:_______________________ __ H3PO4 + __ NaBr __ HBr + __ Na3PO4 Type:_______________________ __ C + __ H2 __ C3H8 Type:_______________________ __Cu(s) + ___AgNO3(aq) ___Ag(s) + ___CuNO3(aq) Type:_______________________ __ Fe2O3 + __ H2O __ Fe(OH)3 Type:_______________________ Acids and Bases 11. What does the pH scale measure? 12. Identify the following as acids or bases: Acid or Base? HCl Mg(OH)2 NaHCO3 LiOH H3PO4 13. Write a skeleton equation and predict the products of the following neutralization reaction: Calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid (HCl) → 14. How much more basic is a substance of pH 11.5 than a substance of pH 8.5? 8 Analysis Questions 1) A student placed a piece of zinc metal in a solution of hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation for the reaction that occurred is: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →H2(g) + ZnCl2 (aq) The following data were collected; Initial mass of zinc: 2.5 g Initial mass of HCl: 52.6 g Final mass of solution: 54.8 g a) Do the results violate the law of conservation of mass? Explain. b) Calculate the mass of hydrogen produced. 2) Charlotte has found an unknown substance in her house and suspects it to be an ionic or covalent compound. She brings it to the Chemistry classroom at RHSA and performs some tests on the substance. These are her results. Test Result Solubility in water Soluble Conductivity when dissolved in water Conducts a) Is Charlotte’s substance an ionic or covalent compound? b) What are two additional tests that Charlotte could perform (or properties to observe) to confirm her results? c) What is the expected result with your tests? (2 possible answers) 9 Table of Polyatomic Ions NH4+1 ClO3-1 OH-1 NO3-1 MnO4-1 CO3-2 HCO3-1 SO4-2 HSO4-1 PO4-3 CN-1 ammonium chlorate hydroxide nitrate permanganate carbonate bicarbonate sulphate bisulfate phosphate cyanide 10