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SNC2D Grade 10 Science
DECEMBER EXAM 2010 REVIEW
Exam Date: Friday, December 10 @ 9:00 AM, check your exam schedule for location
Exam Format: Total – 75 marks
Types of Questions: Multiple Choice (~25 marks), Short Answer (~50 marks)
Topics Covered: Climate Change (~20 marks), Chemistry (~60 marks)
Remember to bring: pen/pencils, eraser;
A periodic table of elements and table of polyatomic ions will be provided.
CHEMISTRY
Topic
Physical and Chemical
Changes
Periodic Table
Key Concepts and Vocabulary
What’s the difference between a physical and chemical change?
Physical changes: examples – change of state, dissolving;
Chemical changes (new substance formed): heat or light given off,
bubbles/gas produced, colour change, solid precipitate, usually
irreversible;
Groups and Families; metals, non-metals, metalloids;
Representative elements and transitional elements;
Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases
Atomic Structure and Atomic
Notation
Protons, neutrons, electrons;
Bohr Diagrams and Lewis
Diagrams
Bohr Diagrams (for first 20 elements) – orbitals/energy shells
Lewis Diagrams (all Representative Elements) – valence electrons
represented;
Ions and Ion representations
Ions – charged particles (lost or gained electrons), cations, anions
Octet rule – full valence shells are a very stable configuration
(electrons are lost or gained according to which more easily
results in a full valence shell)
Ionic bonds, ionic
compounds
Ionic bonds – transfer of electrons; ionic charge/valence;
Ionic compounds – metal + non-metal combination, criss-cross
method to find formula, naming compounds (metal-non-metal,
“ide” ending for non-metal)
Atomic number, atomic weight – what do these tell about the #
protons, neutrons, and electrons?
e.g. MgCl2 = magnesium chloride
Ionic compounds with
polyatomic ions
Ionic compounds with polyatomic ions – criss-cross (or “crossover”) method to find formula, convention for naming compounds;
e.g. NO3- = nitrate ion (-1 charge); Mg(NO3)2 = magnesium nitrate
Ionic compounds with
multiple valence elements
Ionic compounds with multiple valence elements – method for
finding formula
e.g. Iron (Fe2+ or Fe 3+ ions)
e.g. Iron (II) oxide = FeO; Iron (III) oxide = Fe2O3
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Covalent bonds, molecular
compounds
Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons; molecular compounds –
covalent bonds, non-metal-non-metal combinations; prefix method
for naming
e.g. SiO2 = silicon dioxide
Conservation of Mass,
Balancing Chemical
Equations
Reactants, products, word equations, skeleton equations,
balanced chemical equations;
Law of Conservation of Mass – the mass (# of atoms) of the
reactants must equal the mass (# of atoms) of the products;
Balance chemical equations by adding coefficients and not by
changing compound subscripts;
Types of Reactions
Recognize the following types of reactions: Synthesis,
Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement,
Combustion (hydrocarbon combines with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water)
Types of Compounds and
their Properties
Ionic (electrically conductive, high melting points and boiling
points, soluble in water, form crystalline structures, hard, brittle),
Molecular (non-conductive, generally low melting points and not
soluble in water, soft)
Acids and Bases
Physical and Chemical properties (conductive when dissolved in
water? Taste? Texture? Corrosive or reactive?, ions released?),
how to recognize acids and bases from chemical formulae (H + for
acids, OH- or CO32- for bases);
Acids and bases combine in a neutralization reaction to form
water and a salt; acids will react with metals and release hydrogen
gas;
The pH Scale
Scale goes from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), 7 is neutral; Logarithmic
(exponential) scale – every step is a change of 10x (e.g. from pH 5
to pH 3 is an increase in acidity of 10 x 10 = 100x)
CLIMATE CHANGE
Topic
Weather and climate
Key Concepts and Vocabulary
What’s the difference between weather and climate?
Methods for obtaining weather information;
Main factors affecting weather and climate;
Main Components Affecting
Earth’s Climate
The effect of the earth’s tilt, rotation and revolution around the sun
on climate
Earth’s Energy Balance
Energy transfer: radiation, conduction, convection;
Electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation;
Albedo, heat sink;
The Atmosphere
Atmospheric composition (gas names and %);
Layers of the atmosphere, role of atmospheric circulation in
transferring energy around the globe;
Importance of atmosphere to life on earth: natural greenhouse
effect, ozone layer, water cycle, protection from meteorites;
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Climate Change Review Questions
Example Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements or situations does NOT refer to weather?
a) This summer had the coolest average daytime high in the last 5 years.
b) The forecast for next week is for a heat wave, smog and high humidity.
c) When the film An Inconvenient Truth was released, 1998 was the hottest year on record.
d) Vancouver generally experiences mild, wet winters due to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean.
2
Energy is transferred by collisions between particles by
a) the molecular boogie
b) convection
c) radiation
d) conduction
3
The following are all greenhouse gases except for:
a) carbon dioxide
b) helium
c) halocarbons
d) nitrous oxide
4
Which of the following is a natural factor that affects weather and climate?
a) Altitude.
b) Landforms and groundcover.
c) Latitude.
d) All of the above.
5
Which of the following objects would possess the highest albedo?
a) a snowcapped mountain range
b) a black asphalt parking lot
c) a large grassland
d) a sheet of aluminum foil
6
The water in a pot on a gas stove gets hot due to the transfer of energy through:
a) Conduction and convection
b) Convection only
c) Conduction only
d) Radiation and conduction
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The composition of the earth’s surface is about:
a) 70% land and 30% water.
b) 50% land and 50% water.
c) 30% land and 70% water.
d) 60% whipped cream and 40% chocolate chips.
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Which of the following statements is false?
a) The atmosphere helps maintain life on earth through its role in the water cycle.
b) The greenhouse effect is necessary to maintain temperatures on earth suitable for life.
c) Human activity upsetting the earth’s energy balance contributes to the anthropogenic
greenhouse effect.
d) The planet Mars is a good example of a runaway greenhouse effect due to its dense
atmosphere.
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Short Answer
1. With the aid of 2 sketches, explain why the average temperature in the summer is warmer than the
average temperature in the winter. Clearly indicate the impact of the earth’s tilt and the angle of the
sun’s rays.
2. Explain the difference between climate and weather.
3. Explain, with the help of 2 diagrams, the difference between conduction and convection. In what
materials can these forms of energy transfer take place?
Conduction
Convection
Materials:
Materials:
4. Name 3 gases that are components of the Earth’s atmosphere, and the approximate percentage of
each.
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Chemistry Review Questions
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1. Match the terms on the left with their appropriate definitions.
Matter
_____
Element
A A pure substance that contains two or more different
elements in a fixed proportion. Examples include H2O,
CH4, and CO2
B Anything that has mass and takes up space
_____
Compound
_____
Pure
Substance
C A substance that contains more than one type of
particle.
D A mixture that contains more than one visible part.
_____
Homogeneous
Mixture
Heterogeneous
Mixture
Mixture
E A substance that contains only one kind of particle.
_____
F
A mixture with only one visible part
_____
G A pure substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances. Examples include Ca, N and F
2. Complete the following chart:
Element
Aluminum
Bromine
Symbol
Br
# Electrons
# Protons
# Neutrons
14
Ionic Charge
+3
35
3. What are 4 possible clues for a chemical change?
-
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4. Draw the following diagrams:
Bohr diagram for a neon atom
Lewis diagram for an arsenic atom
Lewis diagram for a sulfur ion
Lewis diagram for a rubidium ion
5. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
6. What is the relationship between group number in the periodic table and ionic charge?
7. Nomenclature (Names of Compounds): Identify the positive ion and the negative ion for the following
compounds. Write the chemical formula, and the compound name.
Compound made of
Positive
ion
Negative
ion
Formula
Compound Name
1. calcium and
nitrate
2. tin (IV) and
chlorine
3. copper (II) and
carbonate
4. barium and
Bromine
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5.
tin (II) and
sulfate
6. ammonium and
nitrate
7. lithium and
phosphorus
8. sodium and
bicarbonate
9.
lead (II) and
phosphate
10. magnesium and
hydroxide
11. silver (+2) and
sulfur
12. barium and
acetate
13. fluorine and
manganese (II)
14. chromium (III)
and nitrate
15. sulfate and
Iron (III)
8. Give the Prefix compound name or formula as required for these molecular compounds: (How can
you recognize these as molecular compounds?)
As2O3
CS2
NO2
SiF4
Carbon tetrafluoride
Dinitrogen trisulfide
9. Types of Reactions and Balancing Equations
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10. Identify the type of reaction and balance.
__NaI + __ Pb(SO4)2  __ PbI4 + __ Na2SO4
Type:_______________________
____ Pb + ____ H3PO4  ____ H2 + ____ Pb3(PO4)2 Type:_______________________
__ Fe(OH)3  __ Fe2O3 + __ H2O
Type:_______________________
__ HNO3 + __ Mg(OH)2  __H2O + __ Mg(NO3)2
Type:_______________________
__ H3PO4 + __ NaBr  __ HBr + __ Na3PO4
Type:_______________________
__ C + __ H2  __ C3H8
Type:_______________________
__Cu(s) + ___AgNO3(aq)  ___Ag(s) + ___CuNO3(aq)
Type:_______________________
__ Fe2O3 + __ H2O  __ Fe(OH)3
Type:_______________________
Acids and Bases
11. What does the pH scale measure?
12. Identify the following as acids or bases:
Acid or Base?
HCl
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
LiOH
H3PO4
13. Write a skeleton equation and predict the products of the following neutralization reaction:
Calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid (HCl) →
14. How much more basic is a substance of pH 11.5 than a substance of pH 8.5?
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Analysis Questions
1) A student placed a piece of zinc metal in a solution of hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation for
the reaction that occurred is:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →H2(g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
The following data were collected;
Initial mass of zinc: 2.5 g
Initial mass of HCl: 52.6 g
Final mass of solution: 54.8 g
a) Do the results violate the law of conservation of mass? Explain.
b) Calculate the mass of hydrogen produced.
2) Charlotte has found an unknown substance in her house and suspects it to be an ionic or covalent
compound. She brings it to the Chemistry classroom at RHSA and performs some tests on the
substance. These are her results.
Test
Result
Solubility in water
Soluble
Conductivity when dissolved
in water
Conducts
a) Is Charlotte’s substance an ionic or covalent compound?
b) What are two additional tests that Charlotte could perform (or properties to observe) to confirm
her results?
c) What is the expected result with your tests? (2 possible answers)
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Table of Polyatomic Ions
NH4+1
ClO3-1
OH-1
NO3-1
MnO4-1
CO3-2
HCO3-1
SO4-2
HSO4-1
PO4-3
CN-1
ammonium
chlorate
hydroxide
nitrate
permanganate
carbonate
bicarbonate
sulphate
bisulfate
phosphate
cyanide
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