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Anzai Masahiro The reflect of the war-liking of logos-centrism ―The way to co-exist and reconcile― Anzai Masahiro Graduated School of Sophia University At first, I want to start with the two questions. 1. Are the difficult problems of modern civilization combined with the character of “logos-centrism” deeply? 2. Is the character of“logos‐centrism”too belligerent? What are the difficult problems of modern civilization?They are global destruction of nature and global endless civil wars and global economical instability.If we didn’t do anything,we faced the tragic catastrophe. Especially,the accident in Fukusima seems to be very symbolic. The “logos-centrism” was criticized by many modern philosophers like Heidegger.The post-modern philosopher ,Jacques Derrida is famous for “deconstruction”1 of it.He criticized it by saying“hidden desire to remove other people” .I want to criticize the belligerent character of“logos-centrism as the negative side of that like shadow.I think that it is the influence of our relationships. By the way, is modern civilization very greedy and arrogant against nature of our Earth and others?Because, it robs resources from the earth and fights for them.It doesn’t like the way to co-exist and reconcile ,but the greedy and arrogant way.At least, it seems to be hostile and fighting against nature and others. I believe that the statements are very true expression of the relationship between human and human thought. : The lifestyle of human being and the attitude for the environment affect human thoughts and the perspectives.On the other hand, human thoughts and the perspectives affect the lifestyle of human being and the attitude for the environment. Marx said “Beings define consciousness”2.I think it is very dogmatic and not scientific.On the other hand, the statement is more fair than Marx.According to the statements, there might be the possibility that the greedy and arrogant character of modern civilization are combined with the character of modern thoughts. Almost of modern orthodox thoughts have the strong conviction for “reason” .For example, modern science has the faith for theoretical reason.Such a faith was originated from the tradition of “logos-centrism”. We cannot define “logos” .Now, it means “reason”“ , logic”,“word”and“meaning” . “Logos”means talking and more originally distinction and gathering.In modern English, the origin of“catalog”and “category”were“logos” .First, “category”was used by classical logic . But,“logos”isn’t written language , but rather than spoken language.because the spoken language is more originally and from soul or mind.It almost meant the voice of self. 1 The origin was “Abbau,Destrukution”which Heidegger used .Jacques Derrida translated it“deconstruction” . He wanted to use it more positive.He took down monoliths in traditional philosophy to find new interpretations by it.It doesn’t mean to destroy. 2 “Zur Kritik der Ökonomie”1859 .Marx. I think materialistic productions usually premise on many human understandings .So,I consider it a kind of dogma . 1 Anzai Masahiro Reason is ability to distinguish and judge by “principle” .Logic distinguishes truth from false in thinking.Words distinguish many things in the word.3 After early modern times, Descartes conducted the revolution of the history of logos. He established “thinking ego”or“reasonable ego”4as human subject.It doesn’t depend on any object.The subject has completely been distinguished from any object.The schema of “subject /object”was established.Modern science can have universal knowledge by the schema.Because it can remove subjective and self-satisfaction from objective knowledge But, it revolutionized the concept of truth.It has meant“the correspond between subject and object” .The Problem occurred “how possible” . Kant interrupted object as “Gegenstand”in our experience.In his subject-ism human universal subject is the law maker to object in experience.Nature is obeyed by subject as the law maker.So, the concept of truth became possible.But,we can only know phenomena,not thing in itself.If we would know things beyond experience,we couldn’t construct object and know nothing5.On the contrary,we should fall in antinomies. Antinomies mean self-contradiction,self-destruction.It means strange fate that reason struggles itself.Kant avoided the fate by distinction between phenomena and thing in itself.But,in region of the theoretical reason,so about the totality,the reason (logos) can only avoid self-contradiction,antinomies.Kant asserted that the practical reason can realize identity of reason6.He thought the fate that reason struggles itself was negative.So,he couldn’t conquest the dualism about real changing world. On the other hand,Hegel thought “contradictions is truth of reason and Dialectic is real logic in thinking and logic about real changing and moving world ” .He considered the fate that reason struggles itself is positive and knowing it is the real self―cognition of reason(logos) .So,about the totality,the identity of reason can be realized by itself. The identity of reason can include totality of the world.7 So,accepting the necessity to struggle itself for change and evolution means a kind of completion for reason itself.After that,philosophy can only be advanced the reality which reason can not grasp,especially“existence”8.And Marx criticized Hegel for the thought of “absolute spirit” .Marx used dialectic too.But,He thought the subject of evolution was not “spirit”but “material things”9.Both of them are considered to be dogmatic.Because both are based on almighty of thinking.Lastly,in the battle of ideologies,there was no winner.We heard “the end of history”10or“ the end of big 3 “Kritik der reinen Vernunft(Critic of pure reason) ”B356,A405 4 “Discours de la méthode ,Essais”1637.Descartes said “cogito ergo sum(I think,therefore I am) ”.So, “res cogitans(thinking ego)”doesn’t completely depend on material substance. 5 “Kritik der reinen Vernunft(Critic of pure reason) ”,Die transzendentale Analytick(the analysis).Kant insisted that the principles of science can be applied only to phenomenal transcendental world。 6 “Kritik der praktishen Vernunft(Critic of practical reason) ” 7 Hegel insisted that the absolute idea have own unity which include all things and such a object for itself.The absolute idea is pure reasonable concept.It belongs to reason itself(der absolute Geist)as subject and object.. Dialectic of reason synthesize every opposition and contradiction.But ,I can find his ego-inflation.Because reason doesn’t have enough power to integrate everything.He ignored the possibility to exist Others for reason. 8 For example,existentialism criticized Hegel that his philosophy can not distinguish existence from essentials . Only existence have human subjectivity.So,his philosophy ignores individual human subjectivities. 9 We called the materialism “the dialectic materialism(Dierektiker Materialisumus)”. 10 The End of History?, a 1989 essay by Fukuyama published in the international affairs journal The National Interest 2 Anzai Masahiro story” .Only,analytic experimentalism and linguistic turn11 is the greatest evolution about “logos”in the 20th century. Logos has a kind of radical root.Because logos can only deny logos.Deconstruction can not deny it.It could dislocate logos-centrism by pointing impossibility of pure elemental divisions which metaphysics is based on.And he reveal the desire to remove others of pursuing them. Is it enough to accept neutral criticisms?Can we abandon “logos”?I think we don’t have to abandon the tradition of ”logos“.But,at the same time,I have to recognize the negative side of it.I want to call it“the shadow of logos-centrism” Modern technology seemed to give us the great future,if we could keep some principle of duty.For example,the duty of disposal,the duty of recycling,the duty of reprocessing of waste material,and the duty of containment and so on.The concept of duty means “Pflicht”12which Kant called in German.It means actions which we do unconditionally to do. But,my thought was changed after the accident in Fukusima.I felt the different realities between the theoretical knowledge and the practical action or reality. We can pursue the purest completion of the theoretical knowledge.Although,it is limited.And we sometimes fall in nonsense self-contradictions.For example,in the ethics,we can not define the concept of good.Kant could only make us have the insight of the absolutely moral law,good will,or duty.We can not define it,but we can know it by something like intuition.I believe we have moral commonsense a・priori.13 In quantum physics,we have to accept “uncertainty”or“ambiguity” .We should give up reasonable continuity and the pure completely.We can only get ambiguity totality. Mind and matter are deferent aspects of the same“event”or“reality” .The schema of 14 “subject/object”hasn’t enough validity. About more realistic and practical things,we can promote the nuclear reactors or plants in the theoretical view point.Of course,we must strictly keep the principles of duty .We can develop high-level derivatives,if we could minimize risks .But,we can not stop the movement of post-nuclear plant and now many people don’t like high- level derivatives.It is difficult to refuse neo―con theory.But,many people can not believe it. If we had more objective perspective,we always fall in some nonsense exclusive conflicts which require to decide whether right or not.Almost of the questions are nonsense.And in the world of logos (philosophy)the main battle was already over. 11 The thought means that reality which we can know is conditioned by language.The thought of Wittgenstein is considered to be one of the origin . 12 “Kritik der praktishen Vernunft(Critic of practical reason) ” Immanuel Kant “Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten(the foundation for metaphysics of morality)”Immanuel Kant His ethics began to analyze daily moral word.For example,“Pflicht(duty).I think he started it from apriority (aprioprität)in living world(Lebenswelt). 13 Kant would prove “moral law”It was result of analysis“good will” .But,He could only take impossibility of demonstration of it.The process meant that good“of good will be defined by the conditions of will.So,he tried to substitute the complex of conditions for the concept of good. When we define a concept ,we always substitute the complex of conditions for the concept .But,we can only say that good is good.The concept of good is too simple to define.For example,the concept of red is too simple to define. But、we can know it by intuition in real experience and feel something necessary.I think we have commonsense which have apriority. 14 It means“uncertainty principle”.When the combination of two physical quantities are measured ,we can not measure them without uneven measured value. 3 Anzai Masahiro But,many people continue fighting by logos.In some cases,the battles become more violently. In eastern world,two wise men stopped their battle before becoming violent. They said “It is a illusion(not true) ” .Buddha said “the truth is one.So,any controversy can not exist. ”And he said that real truth is only practical,essentially not words.15 A master of Zen stopped the battle that young monks were fighting over the theory. The battle was over a little cat.The master killed the cat.The young monks were very shocked and regretted it deeply.Another excellent disciple retuned to the temple and heard the accident.The master asked him what he should have done.He put his sandals on his head.He wanted to express that you are putting the cart before the horse. We,Japanese called such a case“honnmatu―tentou(本末転倒)” .I was interested in the difference of their characters.16 In the eastern world,many different traditions from logos-centrism exist.I felt something peaceful about them.From the more bigger worldview,logos is very useful to make things clear and distinguish complicated things.Especially,it is most useful to put things in order.But,we sometimes use logos for nonsense battles.The worst is to use it for violence.I want to call such a type of thoughts“ultra-logos” . Why such things occurred?One of the image of the action of logos is to cut.I associated with the scene where a hero cuts a dragon.The dragon symbolized something like chaos. Logos represents a person who likes conflict.I’m sorry that I was too subjective.What is the shadow of “logos-centrism”?I think to cut relationships is it.Sometimes we may distinguish,but must not separate things.This shadow affects our modern lifestyles and attitude to our environments.The greedy and arrogant character of modern civilization are combined with the character of modern thoughts. I think that some modern thoughts have the belligerent character of logos-centrism. The conclusion is to respect “relationships”between nature of the earth and others. Greedy destroys relationships.We need the view point of relationships,when we use logos.I think the way to co-exist and reconcile is our new hopeful lifestyle.One question is left.Why the Controversy over words or thinking become violent? Gandhi practiced “nonviolent resistance”for independence of India.He thought that nonviolence is to practice truth.His nonviolence is called“ahimsã”and it is based on the great tradition in Indian philosophy.Buddha taught “ahimsã”too.Gandhi had the strong conviction that the truth can get final victory and to grasp the truth is most important.17 For Buddhism,practice is most important and it based on compassion and wisdom. The truth is called“dharma” .The truth, “dharma18”means practical truth without exception.Because of such universality,the practical truth“dharma”is true.Everybody must practice practical truth without exception.It is the ground that Buddhism considers itself absolute.Gandhi and Buddha believe the“ahimsã”have essentially such a university. It naturally denies any discrimination and based on compassionate relationships.The thought affirms intellect that denies to distinguish.The concept of intellect is different 15 Suttanipata 884 16 「無門漢」14. This story teaches “transcended beyond dual oppositions” .We usually look down “sandal ” or “cat. The master and his excellent disciple denied such a discrimination as a illusion. 17 “The story of My Experiments ,with Truth”,1927-29 ,Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 18 It means originally “keeping”and change eternal truth to keep human being as human .So, “dharma”should be practiced by everybody without exception. 4 Anzai Masahiro from the concept of intellect belongs to“logos-centrism” .Because it denies to distinguish. It belongs to the type of thought“ultra―logos” .If we will practice truth based on compassionate relationships like“ahimsá” ,we should transcend any discrimination by the“ultra―logos” intellect.In Buddhism,it called “Prjãnã-pãlamitã”19.We, Japanese called“Hannnyaharamituta(般若波羅蜜多)” .Words and teaching by words and theory is only tools,not ultimate purpose for them. The usual “logos-centric” intellect has the danger to cut compassionate relationships. I don’t want to advocate Buddhism or tradition of Indian philosophy.But,I would compare them with“logos-centrism”from the view point of relationships. In the western world,I think that “Trinity”belongs to“ultra―logos”type and orthodox Christianity need it to express divine and compassionate relationships or communications.There is danger to cut the holly relationships or communications by the“logos-centric” intellect.20 I think that we must reconstruct “next lifestyle of human being and the attitude for the environment” .We should reflect the shadow of“logos-centrism”and create the way to co-exist and reconcile beyond any difference,any discrimination and opposition to avoid tragic catastrophes in our future.We must create“new uniting symbol beyond oppositions”to save ourselves. What are the oppositions that cause the disease of modern civilization?For example, global destruction of nature are caused by the opposition between human being and nature.The most serious opposition is a kind of division.global endless civil wars are caused by the gap between rich and poor people or many irrational discriminations. global economical instability are caused by global economical gap and the difficult to keep and control global economical balance. We can find the common structure of cause of the diseases.It is division or split.It is considered to be destruction of relationships or communications.So,the things that lead to “integration”are good.On the other hand,the things that lead to “division or split”are bad. If we don’t have perspective of value of relationships,we can not find it.So,the way to co-exist and reconcile is“integration of oppositions” .We have to integrate the division between“logos-centrism”and“ultra―logos” .About technology,energy and styles of industry or production,We should integrate human being and nature.About lifestyle, we have to integrate work and life. The conclusion is that the things that lead to “integration”are good and the things that lead to “division or split”are bad.It isn’t absolute,only to resolve the difficult problems of modern civilization.But,I think that “logos-centrism“hasn’t enough power to integrate reasonable things and unreasonable things. So,We had reflect the belligerent character of logos-centrism for it.Which attitude we should choose“post-nuclear plant ”or not?I believe we have to think recyclable energy from the view point.If we want to avoid the tragic catastrophe,we should conquest and integrate many oppositions in modern civilization. I think that the character of the thought of Whitehead is the exact opposite of the philosophy of Kant.For example,the thought of Whitehead is cosmological.On the 19 It means “wisdom to reach ideal state(the opposite bank of the river).”We called the opposite bank of the river “higan(彼岸).Ideal state means transcend beyond dual oppositions.Cf.16 20 It means the different three persona ,God,Christ and holly spirit is same one God.It is considered to be the heart of Christianity. 5 Anzai Masahiro other hand,the philosophy of Kant is ideological.In the philosophy of Kant,the subject constructs objective world.For the thought of Whitehead, “subjects is born from living 21 world” .The world of whitehead is consistent organic.On the other hand,the philosophy of Kant,he tried to conquest the dualism between the mechanical word and the organic world.But he couldn’t it22.For Wittgenstein, “I”is the limit of world23.I found that Kant and Wittgenstein did self-restriction on the possibility of cognition and linguistic and they have cut off fertile world and uncertain world.On the other hand,the thought of Whitehead is about such a world. Although,I would defend Kant and Wittgenstein,because of their honesty and sincerity.They had strong conviction that knowledge,philosophy and science must have strict certainty.But, “the world of living,organic and creative world”can not remove uncertainty and unreasonable things. Of course,they believe such a world without skepticism.They shouldn’t talk about it as knowledge by reason or words.Wittgenstein believed in god and absolute value.But, he said he couldn’t talk about it24.He liked to read the Gospels.Kant strongly believed in god at first.But,he strictly demonstrated impossibility to recognize it by theoretical reason25.For them,precision and strict certainty is most important.I could find that the world of living,organic and creative world exists without skepticism by Whitehead. But,I have some honest questions about his thought.Why did he use language to express his thought?Is the world of living,organic and creative world too direct to use words?Where is“death”in such a world?I felt that “death”might be more ignored in real world. By the way,what is “epoch”26in time?I can not understand the concept.It means “discontinuity of continuity”in time.I guess the origin is from quantum physics. From the view point of “logos-centrism” ,I think his theory of time belongs to “ultra ―logos”type.It is beyond distinction of“logos” .And his some concepts is very important for relationships.Especially, “prehension” , “feeling”and “process”27.So,I have a strong conviction that the thought of Whitehead contribute to resolve difficult crisis of modern civilization in the 21th century. 21 “Process and reality”,1929.,Alfred North Whitehead 22 Kant tried to resolve it in“Kritik der Urteilskraft(Critic of the power of judgment) ” . 23 “Tractatus Logico-philosophicus”1921.5・62 24 “Tractatus Logico-philosophicus”1921.6.5-7 “Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen.(man must not say any thing which man can not speak about.”(6.7) 25 “Kritik der reinenVernunft(Critic of pure reason) ,B595-696,A642-668 26 “science and the modern world”1925 ,Alfred North Whitehead 27 “Process and reality” ,1929 ,Alfred North Whitehead 6