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Transcript
Biology Exam date ________ Unit 8 (Evolution) ‘Final Exam’ Review Guide Name: _________________________ Date: _____________ Hour: ______ Topic #1 Charles Darwin and Natural Selection 1. What is evolution? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Where did Darwin conduct much of his research, including his observations on several species of Finch? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Darwin provided the ‘how’ for evolution. According to Darwin, how does Evolution occur? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. What factor determines whether a trait is beneficial or harmful? Answer: __________________________________________________________________________ 5. Who proposed the hypothesis of ‘inheritance of acquired characteristics’ as an explanation for how evolution occurs? Explain what this idea means. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Did Darwin have any knowledge of genetics when he published his book? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the ‘raw material’ of natural selection? (HINT: Natural selection could not occur without this) Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is meant by the term ‘gene pool’? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the name of the process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Give three examples of animal adaptations. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 11. What effect does natural selection have on allele frequency (how common certain traits are) in a population? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. The four components of Natural Selection are Genetic Variation, Overproduction of Offspring, Struggle for existence and Differential survival/ reproduction. What is meant by ‘differential reproduction’? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 13. The four components of Natural Selection are Genetic Variation, Overproduction of Offspring, Struggle for existence and Differential survival/ reproduction. Why do organisms face a constant ‘struggle for existence’? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 14. What is artificial selection? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 15. What observation did Kettlewell make about the appearance of peppered moths in the heavily industrialized areas in Manchester, England? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Let’s assume that a particular species of beetle comes in three varieties, light, medium and dark brown. If the population is mostly dark in color, which type of selection has occurred? (disruptive, directional, stabilizing) Circle the correct answer. If the population is mostly medium brown in color, which type of selection has occurred? (disruptive, directional, stabilizing) Circle the correct answer. If the population is 50% light brown and 50% dark brown, which type of selection has occurred? (disruptive, directional, stabilizing) Circle the correct answer. Topic #2 Speciation 17. What is a species? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is speciation? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 19. What two things need to happen in order for speciation to occur? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 20. Give an example of speciation. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 21. Where did the ‘Founder’s’ come from that lead to the 12 species of Finch found on the Galapagos Islands today? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 22. In what way did ‘Darwin’s Finches’ most notably differ from one another? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 23. What environmental factor drove the natural selection that occurred in Darwin’s Finches? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 24. What is the name of the type of evolution that causes related organisms to become less alike? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 25. Why does the geographic isolation of two populations of a species tend to increase differences between their gene pools? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 26. What is the name of the type of evolution that causes distantly related organisms to become more alike? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 27. What is the name of the hypothesis that states that evolution occurs at an irregular rate through geologic time? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 28. What is the name of the hypothesis that states that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate through geologic time? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 29. List an environmental factor that could trigger a MASS EXTINCTION. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 30. What does there tend to be rapid evolution among the species that survive a mass extinction? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ Topic #3 Evidence of Evolution 31. What is a vestigial structure? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 32. Give two examples of vestigial structures. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 33. Do Homologous or Analogous structures in organisms suggest that organisms have a common ancestor? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 34. Give an example of analogous structures. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 35. Give an example of homologous structures. Answer: ______________________________________________________________________________ 36. How does embryology (the study of embryos) provide evidence of evolution? Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ 37. Describe how DNA sequences and proteins provide strong evidence of evolution. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________