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Chapter 5: Section 4 The Expansion of Greece Greek city-states and their colonies and developed for a long time without interference from anyone, then Persia intervened 546 B.C.- Cyrus of Persia conquered Lydia in Asia Minor acquiring Greek citystates on the western coast of the Aegean Sea At first, the Persians did not treat the Greeks cruelly and let them keep their own governments When the Persian ruler Darius, took over Persia he tightened Persia rule and raised taxes The Greeks started to rebel around 500 B.C. in the small city-states of Asia Minor The rebellions, which Athens aided, began a series of conflicts that lasted until 479 B.C. These are known as the Persian Wars Darius easily crushed these revolts He wanted to punish Athens though for its support of the Greek rebels 492 B.C.-Darius sent Persian army and a fleet of ships toward Greece to reestablish control over Thrace and Macedonia Most of the fleet was shipwrecked off the Greek coast This delayed the expedition 490 B.C.-Darius launched an invasion of Greece itself The Persians landed on the coast of Attica and set up camp on the plains of Marathon which was 24 miles northeast of Athens The Persian army greatly outnumbered the Athenian army, but the Athenian army defeated Persia at the Battle of Marathon For 10 years after that an uneasy peace existed In 480 B.C. news spread that Darius’ son, Xerxes, was coming with a vast army and fleet gathered from every part of Persia Xerxes’ army numbered somewhere around 100,000 troops The army marched through Thrace and Macedonia toward northern Greece To get to central Greece the army had to march through the narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae King Leonidas of Sparta leading a force of 300 Spartans and several hundred other Greeks met a vastly larger Persian army The Greeks held the pass for three days Then a Greek traitor showed the Persians another way around the mountain Leonidas sent many of the Greeks home because he knew they would die But the Spartans remained and so did a few others The Spartans and few Greeks fought until they were all killed The Spartans fighting encouraged inspired other city-states to stand up for themselves The Battle of Thermopylae is a symbol of resistance against overwhelming odds Xerxes’ then proceeded onto Athens which was in turmoil The Athenian leader, Themistocles, encouraged the Athenians to abandon the city and take refuge somewhere else Xerxes’ army entered and destroyed the city of Athens because no one was there The next important battle was fought at sea Themistocles tricked Xerxes into attacking the Athenian fleet in the Salamis strait The narrow waters nullified the numerical advantage of the Persian army and prevented ships from maneuvering Xerxes watched Athenians defeat his fleet in hand-to-hand combat After the battle Xerxes returned home with part of his army 479 B.C.-Athenians and Spartans combined and defeated a Persian army at Plataea Survivors of the war (that war Persians) fled in disorder The Persian Wars then ended Persia empire still remained powerful Persians tried to create disunity in Greece Athens created its own empire and entered a period of unparalleled cultural development After the destruction of the Persians, Athens rebuilt its city Unity among the Greek city-states was necessary to survive Athens made alliances with 140 other city-states Each state contributed either money or ships Athens had control over how many ships/money was given to them 465 B.C.-Xerxes dies, threat of Persian invasion ended 450’s B.C.-Delian League became an Athenian empire Pericles dominated political affairs from 461-429 B.C. even when he wasn’t holding office This Athenian history is called the Age of Pericles Under Pericles Athenian democracy reached its height Athens was the most completely democratic government in history All male citizens could hole office Athens was a society supported by slaves Athenian forces crushed revolts after Athens made many other city-states join their empire This caused discontent 431 B.C.-devastating war broke out between Sparta and Athens This called the Peloponnesian War Provoked by Athens’ flaunting of power, Sparta began the fighting Sparta invaded Attica 430 B.C.-plague broke out in Athens, many people including Pericles died Sparta and Persia were able to block off Athens food supply causing them to surrender starving in 404B.C. Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 B.C.