Download Saturated Hydrocarbon

Ch. 25 Notes (Organic Chemistry)
(Day 81-82) Section 25.1 to 25.2
Organic Chemistry:
The chemistry of _______________ compounds.
Hydrocarbons:
Organic compounds that contain ______________ and _______________ only.
Alkanes also called _____________________ hydrocarbons: (Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms)
The simplest hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent bonds between each carbon atom.
Names of these compounds always end in “ane”.
Covalent bond: 2 e- shared
between two nonmetals.
Represented by a “─”.
Example: methane, CH4
or ethane, CH3CH3
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Hydrocarbon prefixes
meth C
eth
C-C
prop C-C-C
but
C-C-C-C
pent
C-C-C-C-C
hex
C-C-C-C-C-C
hept
C-C-C-C-C-C-C
oct
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
non
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
dec
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
Example: octane (using various types of formulas)
Molecular formula:
C8H18
Complete Structural formula:
Condensed structural formula:
(C─H bonds understood)
CH3 ─ CH2 ─ CH2 ─ CH2 ─ CH2 ─ CH2 ─ CH2 ─ CH3
Condensed formula
(C─C and C─H bonds understood)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
or
CH3(CH2)6CH3
Carbon skeleton:
C─ C─ C─ C─ C─ C─ C─ C
(all hydrogens and C─H bonds understood)
Straight-Chain Alkanes: (Homologous series)
Carbons are arranged in a continuous straight line.
Example:
Propane
Hexane
Ch. 25 Notes (Organic Chemistry)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes and Alkynes)
Hydrocarbons that contain double or triple carbon to carbon bonds
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between each carbon atom.
Names of these compounds always end in “ene”.
Example:
Propene
2-pentene
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond between each carbon atom.
Names of these compounds always end in “yne”.
Example:
Ethyne (commonly known as acetylene)
2-Butyne
Branched-Chain Alkanes: Organic molecules that have groups attached to the parent chain.
Parent chain:
The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
Name of molecule: ___________________________________
Substituent: The halogens and groups of atoms including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur,
or phosphorus may take the place of a hydrogen atom attached to the parent chain.
Alkyl group: A hydrocarbon substituent like methyl ─ CH3, ethyl, ─CH2CH3, propyl, ─CH2CH2CH3
Note: Multiple groups add prefix like di=2, tri=3, tetra=4, penta=5 before groups.
Halide: A halogen substituent like chloro, ─ Cl,
Example: Freon
fluoro, ─ F,
bromo, ─ Br,
iodo, ─ I
Ch. 25 Notes (Organic Chemistry)
Structural Isomers:
Sections 25.3 to 25.5
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
Isomers of Pentane C5H12
Geometric Isomers:
Two different structures that form because of the lack of rotation around Carbon-Carbon double bonds.
 Cis configuration: When the substituted groups are on the same side of the parent chain.
Draw Example: Cis-3,4-dibromo-3-hexene
 Trans configuration: When the substituted groups are on the opposite side of the parent chain.
Draw Example: Trans-3,4-dibromo-3-hexene
Stereoisomers:
Molecules whose structures are mirror images of each other.
Asymmetric carbon:
Carbon with four different groups attached to it. Example: (CHFClBr)
Cyclic Hydrocarbons:
Carbon structures that form rings. Examples: Cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane,
cycloheptane.
Aliphatic Compounds:
Molecules whose structures do not contain rings.
Example: 2,3-dichloro-3-methyl-2,4,5-trifluoroheptane
Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons that form rings or groups of rings (called arenes). The simplest arene
is Benzene (C6H6).
Benzene is a very useful compound.
Most arenes have pleasant odors. That is why they are called “________________ __________________”.
Fossil Fuels: Hydrocarbons made from the decay of organic compounds over millions of years ago.
(Nonrenewable source of fuel) The three fossil fuels are: Natural gas, ____________________, and ____________
Cracking: A controlled process by which larger hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller,
more useful molecules.