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Transcript
Class Notes After class, review your notes and jot questions and memory joggers in the narrow column that help connect ideas listed in the notes section. When you're studying, you will look at these cues to help you recall the salient facts in your notes, so keep that in mind when you create your cues. Name: Class: Block: Date: Topic: Unit 3 The World We Live In (Part II) Questions/Main Ideas/Diagrams Notes: Evolution The cumulative genetic changes that occur in a population of organisms over time Current theories were proposed by Charles Darwin, a 19th century naturalist Evolution occurs through natural selection Natural Selection Individuals with more favorable genetic traits are more likely to survive and reproduce Frequency of favorable traits increase in subsequent generations Based on four observations about the natural world o Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity o Variation Individuals in a population exhibit variation o Limits on Population Growth Resource limitations will keep population in check o Differential Reproductive Success Individuals with most favorable traits are more likely to reproduce Darwin’s finches exemplified the variation associated with natural selection Darwin knew traits were transmitted from one generation to the next, but did not know how. Summary, Reflection, Analysis © 2004 AVID Center. All rights reserved. Page 1 Questions/Main Ideas/Diagrams: Notes: Principles of genetics provided the mechanism (modern synthesis) Variation among offspring can be due to mutations (changes in DNA) resulting in differential survival Evolutionary Theory is supported by a vast body of evidence. o Fossils o Comparative anatomy o Biogeography o Molecular biology Domains and Kingdoms o All life on Earth is divided into three broad domains: Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea. o Eukarya contains all eukaryotes. The Eukarya include the eukaryotic kingdoms of Animalia, Plantae, Protista and Fungi. o Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic; RNA evidence shows that they are as different from each other as either is from eukaryotes. Biological Communities The organisms in a community are interdependent in a variety of ways. Species compete with one another for food, water, living space, and other resources. (Used in this context, a resource is anything from the environment that meets a particular species' needs.) Some organisms kill and eat other organisms. Some species form intimate associations with one another, whereas other species seem only distantly connected. Communities vary greatly in size and lack precise boundaries They are often nestled within each other Species Interactions Symbiosis o An intimate relationship between members of 2 or more species o Participants may be benefited, harmed or unaffected by the relationship o Results of coevolution is the interdependent evolution of two interacting species. Flowering plants and their animal pollinators have a symbiotic relationship that is an excellent example of coevolution. Summary, Reflection, Analysis © 2004 AVID Center. All rights reserved. Page 2 Questions/Main Ideas/Diagrams: Notes: o Three types of symbiosis 1. Mutualism o Symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit o Ex: Mycorrihzal fungi and plant roots o Fungus grows around and into roots providing roots with otherwise unavailable nitrogen from soil o Roots provide fungi with food produced by photosynthesis in the plant 2. Commensalism o Symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped o Ex: epiphytes and tropical trees 3. Parasitism o Symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is harmed o Parasites rarely kill their hosts Predation o A predator is an organism that feeds directly upon another living organism, whether or not it kills the prey in doing so. o Prey most successfully on slowest, weakest, least fit members of target population. o Reduce competition, population overgrowth, and stimulate natural selection. Pursuit and Ambush Pursuing prey simply means chasing it down and catching it Ex: Day gecko and spider (see picture) Ambush is when predators catch prey unaware Camouflage Attract prey with colors or light o Plant Defenses Against Predation Plants cannot flee predators Adaptations Spikes, thorns, leathery leaves, thick wax Protective chemicals that are poisonous or unpalatable Summary, Reflection, Analysis © 2004 AVID Center. All rights reserved. Page 3 Questions/Main Ideas/Diagrams: Notes: o Animal Defenses Against Predation Fleeing or running Mechanical defenses Armor Porcupine quills Shells of turtles provide strong defense Beetle exoskeleton Living in groups Camouflage Chemical defenses- poisons Poison glands in this S. American frog species The stripe on the skunk secretes acrid chemicals from anal glands Intimidation behavior Group Defense (Safety in numbers) Competition o Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem Intraspecific competition - between individuals in a population Interspecific competition - between individuals in 2 different species Ecological Niche An organism’s adaptations, use of resources, lifestyle, and habitat. Takes into account all aspect of an organisms existence o Physical, chemical, biological factors needed to survive o Habitat o Abiotic components of the environment o Ex: Light, temperature, moisture Fundamental niche o Full range of resources or habitat a species could exploit if there were no competition with other species. Realized niche o The actual niche the organism occupies o No two species can occupy the same niche in the same community for an indefinite period Summary, Reflection, Analysis © 2004 AVID Center. All rights reserved. Page 4 Questions/Main Ideas/Diagrams: Notes: Limiting Resources Any environmental resource that, because it is scarce or unfavorable, tends to restrict the niche of a species o Soil’s mineral content o Temperature o Precipitation All play a role in determining the realized niche Competitive Exclusion o One species excludes another from a portion of the same niche as a result of competition for resources o One will either migrate, become extinct, or partition the resource and utilize a sub-set of the same Resource Partitioning o Coexisting species’ niche differ from each other in some way Types of Species Native species are those whose original home is in this particular ecosystem. Nonnative species originally evolved in a different ecosystem and migrated or were introduced to a new ecosystem. Indicator species alert us to harmful changes taking place in biological communities. o Birds are excellent biological indicators because they are everywhere and are quickly affected by environmental change. o Some amphibians are also considered indicator species. Keystone Species are those that exerts profound influence on a community o More important to the community than what would be expected based on abundance o The dependence of other species on the keystone species is apparent when the keystone species is removed o Protecting keystone species is a goal to conservation biologists Species Richness The number of species in a community o Tropical rainforests = high species richness o Isolated island = low species richness Related to the abundance of potential ecological niches Summary, Reflection, Analysis © 2004 AVID Center. All rights reserved. Page 5 Questions/Main Ideas/Diagrams: Notes: Ecosystem Services Important environmental benefits that ecosystems provide, such as: o Clean air to breathe o Clean water to drink o Fertile soil in which to grow crops Succession The process where a community develops slowly through a series of species Earlier species alter the environment in some way to make it more habitable by other species As more species arrive, the earlier species are outcompeted and replaced Two types of succession 1. Primary Succession o Succession that begins in a previously uninhabited environment o No soil is present! o Ex: bare rocks, cooled lava fields, etc. o General Succession Pattern Lichen secrete acids that crumble the rock (soil begins to form) 2. Secondary Succession o Succession that begins in an environment following destruction of all or part of the earlier community o Ex: abandoned farmland, open area after fire o Does NOT follow primary succession! o Even though name may imply this o Generally occurs more rapidly than primary succession Summary, Reflection, Analysis © 2004 AVID Center. All rights reserved. Page 6