Download Chapter 14 PPT Lecture Notes with Blanks

Chapter 14 PPT Lecture Notes with Blanks
Sections 14-1 through 14-5
Name: _____________________________________ Date: __________________ Assignment#: __________
1) Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold
 Gold producers
o ____________
o ____________
o ____________
o ____________
o _____________
 Cyanide heap leaching
o Extremely toxic to birds and mammals
o Spills contaminate drinking water and kill birds and fish
2) 14-1 Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface, and can cause volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis, erosion, and landslides.
3) The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
 What is geology?
o Dynamic processes taking place on earth’s surface and in earth’s interior
 Three major concentric zones of the earth
o ____________
o ____________
 Including the asthenosphere
o ____________
 ______________________
 ______________________
4) The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (1 and 2)
 Convection cells, or _________________
 _________________________________
 Lithosphere
 Three types of boundaries between plates
o ___________________ boundaries
 Magma
 Oceanic ridge
o __________________ boundaries
 Subduction zone
 Trench
o ___________________ boundaries: San Andreas fault
5) Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up and Some Wear Down
 Internal geologic processes
o _________________________________________
 External geologic processes
o Weathering
 ___________________________________
 Erosion
o ________________
o ________________
o ________________
o ________________
6) Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior
 Volcano
o _____________
o _____________
o ______________
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

1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
Benefits of volcanic activity
7) Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (1and 2)
 _________________________
o __________________________
o ____________________
o ____________________
o ____________________
o ____________________
 Richter scale
o Insignificant: _____________
o Minor: __________________
o Damaging: ______________
o Destructive: _____________
o Major: __________________
o Great: __________________
 Largest recorded earthquake: 9.5 in Chile in 1960
8) What state(s) would be the safest?
9) Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis
 ______________________, tidal wave
o Travels several ______________________________
 Detection of tsunamis
o __________________ in open ocean
 December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami
o ___________________ 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore
o Role of _________________________ and ______________________________ in reducing death toll
10) 14-2 The three major types of rocks found in the earth’s crust—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic—are
recycled very slowly by the process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism.
11) There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1, 2 and 3)
 Minerals
o ______________________________________
o ______________________________________
o ______________________________________
 Rock
o ______________________________________
 Sedimentary
o Sediments from eroded rocks or plant/animal remains
 ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
o Sandstone
o Shale
o Dolomite
o Limestone
o Lignite
o Bituminous coal
 Igneous
o __________________________________________________
o Granite
o Lava rocks

Metamorphic
o ______________________________________________________________________
o Anthracite
o Slate
o Marble
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12) The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
13) 14-3 We can make some minerals in the earth’s crust into useful products, but extracting and using these resources
can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.
14) We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1 and 2)
 Mineral resource
o ____________________________________________________________________________________
o ___________________________ minerals
o ___________________________ minerals
 Ore
o Contains_____________________________ concentration of a __________________
o High-grade ______________
o Low-grade ______________
 Metallic mineral resources
o _______________________
o _______________________
o _______________________
 Nonmetallic mineral resources
o _______________________________________________
 Reserves: _____________________________________________
15) Some Environmental Impacts of Mineral Use
 Advantages of the processes of mining and converting minerals into useful products
 Disadvantages
16) What three steps does recycling remove from the process?
17) There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1 and 2)
 Surface mining
o __________________________________
o __________________________________
o __________________________________
 Subsurface mining
o __________________________________
 Type of surface mining used depends on
o ___________________________
o ___________________________
 Types of surface mining
o ____________________________
o ____________________________
o ____________________________
o ____________________________
18) Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1 and 2)
 _________________________________________
o E.g., spoils banks
 Mountain top removal for coal
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
 Biodiversity decreased
 Subsurface mining
o _________________________
o _________________________
 Major pollution of _________________________________
 Effect on _______________________ life
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
Large amounts of ____________________________________
19) Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1 and 2)
 Ore extracted by mining
o ____________________
o ____________________
o _______________________________________
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Liquid and solid hazardous wastes produced
 Use of ________________________ of extract gold from its ore
o Summitville gold mine: Colorado, U.S.
20) Individuals Matter: Maria Gunnoe
 West Virginia environmental activist
 Won $150,000 Goldman Environmental Prize for efforts against mountaintop coal mining
 Her home
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
21) 14-4A All nonrenewable mineral resources exist in finite amounts, and as we get closer to depleting any mineral
resource, the environmental impacts of extracting it generally become more harmful.
22) 14-4B Raising the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to an increase in its supply, but there are
environmental limits to this effect.
23) Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (1 and 2)
 Most of the _____________________________________________ supplied by
o United States
o Canada
o Russia
o South Africa
o Australia
 Sharp rise in per _____________________________ in the U.S.
 ____________________________ resources
o Manganese (Mn)
o Cobalt (Co)
o Chromium (Cr)
o Platinum (Pt)
24) Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted (1 and 2)
 ____________________ supply depends on
o Actual or potential supply of the mineral
o ____________________________________________
 When it becomes economically depleted
o _____________________________________
o Waste less
o Use less
o Find a substitute
o ________________________________________
 Depletion time: _____________________________________________________
25) Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable Minerals
• _____________________________ and ___________________________ to mining companies keep mineral
prices artificially low
• Does this promote economic growth and national security?
• Scarce __________________________________________ hinders the development of new supplies of mineral
resources
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26) Case Study: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872
• ______________________________________________ and mining of hard-rock minerals on U.S. public lands
• Developed to encourage settling the ___________________ (1800s)
• Until 1995, land could be bought for _______________________ prices
• Companies must now pay for clean-up
27) Is Mining Lower-Grade Ores the Answer?
• Factors that limit the mining of lower-grade ores
o ________________cost of _________________ and ___________________ larger volumes of ore
o Availability of freshwater
o ____________________________________
• Improve mining technology
o Use microorganisms, in situ
o Slow process
o What about genetic engineering of the microbes?
28) Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean? (1 and 2)
• Mineral resources _______________________ in the ocean -- ___________________________________
• Deposits of minerals in sediments along the __________________________________________________
• ___________________________ ore deposits
• Metals from the ocean floor: ____________________________
• Effect of mining on aquatic life
• Environmental impact
29) 14-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, reduce resource waste, and recycle and reuse minerals.
30) We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (1 and 2)
• __________________________
• __________________________
• __________________________
• High-strength _______________
• Drawbacks?
• ________________________________ is not a cure-all
• Pt: industrial _____________________
• Cr: essential ingredient of ____________________________
31) Science Focus: The Nanotechnology Revolution
• Nanotechnology, tiny tech
• Uses
• Nanoparticles
• Are they safe?
• Investigate potential ecological, economic, health, and societal risks
• Develop guidelines for their use until more is known about them
32) We Can Recycle and Reuse Valuable Metals
• Recycling
• _____________________________________________________________________
• Reuse
33) We Can Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability
• How can we decrease our use and waste of mineral resources?
• Pollution and waste prevention programs
34) Name four solutions to the sustainability of nonrenewable minerals.
]35) Case Study: Pollution Prevention Pays
• Begun in 1975 by 3M company, a very large manufacturing company
• Redesigned equipment and processes
• Fewer hazardous chemicals
• Recycled or sold toxic chemical outputs
• Began making nonpolluting products
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•
•
Company saved $1.2 billion
Sparked cleaner production movement
36) Three Big Ideas
• Dynamic forces that move matter within the earth and on its surface __________________ the earth’s
__________________, form deposits of _______________________________, and cause volcanic
eruptions, ______________________, and tsunamis.
•
The available supply of a mineral resource depends on _______________ of it is in the earth’s crust,
_________________________ we use it, mining technology, ____________________________, and the
harmful environmental effects of removing and using it.
•
We can use mineral resources more __________________________ by trying to find
___________________________ for scarce resources, reducing resource waste, and reusing and
recycling nonrenewable minerals.
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