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Chapter 14 PPT Lecture Notes with Blanks Sections 14-1 through 14-5 Name: _____________________________________ Date: __________________ Assignment#: __________ 1) Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold Gold producers o ____________ o ____________ o ____________ o ____________ o _____________ Cyanide heap leaching o Extremely toxic to birds and mammals o Spills contaminate drinking water and kill birds and fish 2) 14-1 Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface, and can cause volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, erosion, and landslides. 3) The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet What is geology? o Dynamic processes taking place on earth’s surface and in earth’s interior Three major concentric zones of the earth o ____________ o ____________ Including the asthenosphere o ____________ ______________________ ______________________ 4) The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (1 and 2) Convection cells, or _________________ _________________________________ Lithosphere Three types of boundaries between plates o ___________________ boundaries Magma Oceanic ridge o __________________ boundaries Subduction zone Trench o ___________________ boundaries: San Andreas fault 5) Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up and Some Wear Down Internal geologic processes o _________________________________________ External geologic processes o Weathering ___________________________________ Erosion o ________________ o ________________ o ________________ o ________________ 6) Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior Volcano o _____________ o _____________ o ______________ 1 1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo Benefits of volcanic activity 7) Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (1and 2) _________________________ o __________________________ o ____________________ o ____________________ o ____________________ o ____________________ Richter scale o Insignificant: _____________ o Minor: __________________ o Damaging: ______________ o Destructive: _____________ o Major: __________________ o Great: __________________ Largest recorded earthquake: 9.5 in Chile in 1960 8) What state(s) would be the safest? 9) Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis ______________________, tidal wave o Travels several ______________________________ Detection of tsunamis o __________________ in open ocean December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami o ___________________ 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore o Role of _________________________ and ______________________________ in reducing death toll 10) 14-2 The three major types of rocks found in the earth’s crust—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic—are recycled very slowly by the process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism. 11) There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1, 2 and 3) Minerals o ______________________________________ o ______________________________________ o ______________________________________ Rock o ______________________________________ Sedimentary o Sediments from eroded rocks or plant/animal remains ________________________________________ ________________________________________ o Sandstone o Shale o Dolomite o Limestone o Lignite o Bituminous coal Igneous o __________________________________________________ o Granite o Lava rocks Metamorphic o ______________________________________________________________________ o Anthracite o Slate o Marble 2 12) The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly ________________________________ ________________________________ 13) 14-3 We can make some minerals in the earth’s crust into useful products, but extracting and using these resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil. 14) We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1 and 2) Mineral resource o ____________________________________________________________________________________ o ___________________________ minerals o ___________________________ minerals Ore o Contains_____________________________ concentration of a __________________ o High-grade ______________ o Low-grade ______________ Metallic mineral resources o _______________________ o _______________________ o _______________________ Nonmetallic mineral resources o _______________________________________________ Reserves: _____________________________________________ 15) Some Environmental Impacts of Mineral Use Advantages of the processes of mining and converting minerals into useful products Disadvantages 16) What three steps does recycling remove from the process? 17) There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1 and 2) Surface mining o __________________________________ o __________________________________ o __________________________________ Subsurface mining o __________________________________ Type of surface mining used depends on o ___________________________ o ___________________________ Types of surface mining o ____________________________ o ____________________________ o ____________________________ o ____________________________ 18) Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1 and 2) _________________________________________ o E.g., spoils banks Mountain top removal for coal o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ Biodiversity decreased Subsurface mining o _________________________ o _________________________ Major pollution of _________________________________ Effect on _______________________ life 3 Large amounts of ____________________________________ 19) Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1 and 2) Ore extracted by mining o ____________________ o ____________________ o _______________________________________ Air pollution Water pollution Liquid and solid hazardous wastes produced Use of ________________________ of extract gold from its ore o Summitville gold mine: Colorado, U.S. 20) Individuals Matter: Maria Gunnoe West Virginia environmental activist Won $150,000 Goldman Environmental Prize for efforts against mountaintop coal mining Her home o ________________________________ o ________________________________ o ________________________________ 21) 14-4A All nonrenewable mineral resources exist in finite amounts, and as we get closer to depleting any mineral resource, the environmental impacts of extracting it generally become more harmful. 22) 14-4B Raising the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to an increase in its supply, but there are environmental limits to this effect. 23) Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (1 and 2) Most of the _____________________________________________ supplied by o United States o Canada o Russia o South Africa o Australia Sharp rise in per _____________________________ in the U.S. ____________________________ resources o Manganese (Mn) o Cobalt (Co) o Chromium (Cr) o Platinum (Pt) 24) Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted (1 and 2) ____________________ supply depends on o Actual or potential supply of the mineral o ____________________________________________ When it becomes economically depleted o _____________________________________ o Waste less o Use less o Find a substitute o ________________________________________ Depletion time: _____________________________________________________ 25) Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable Minerals • _____________________________ and ___________________________ to mining companies keep mineral prices artificially low • Does this promote economic growth and national security? • Scarce __________________________________________ hinders the development of new supplies of mineral resources 4 26) Case Study: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872 • ______________________________________________ and mining of hard-rock minerals on U.S. public lands • Developed to encourage settling the ___________________ (1800s) • Until 1995, land could be bought for _______________________ prices • Companies must now pay for clean-up 27) Is Mining Lower-Grade Ores the Answer? • Factors that limit the mining of lower-grade ores o ________________cost of _________________ and ___________________ larger volumes of ore o Availability of freshwater o ____________________________________ • Improve mining technology o Use microorganisms, in situ o Slow process o What about genetic engineering of the microbes? 28) Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean? (1 and 2) • Mineral resources _______________________ in the ocean -- ___________________________________ • Deposits of minerals in sediments along the __________________________________________________ • ___________________________ ore deposits • Metals from the ocean floor: ____________________________ • Effect of mining on aquatic life • Environmental impact 29) 14-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, reduce resource waste, and recycle and reuse minerals. 30) We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (1 and 2) • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • High-strength _______________ • Drawbacks? • ________________________________ is not a cure-all • Pt: industrial _____________________ • Cr: essential ingredient of ____________________________ 31) Science Focus: The Nanotechnology Revolution • Nanotechnology, tiny tech • Uses • Nanoparticles • Are they safe? • Investigate potential ecological, economic, health, and societal risks • Develop guidelines for their use until more is known about them 32) We Can Recycle and Reuse Valuable Metals • Recycling • _____________________________________________________________________ • Reuse 33) We Can Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability • How can we decrease our use and waste of mineral resources? • Pollution and waste prevention programs 34) Name four solutions to the sustainability of nonrenewable minerals. ]35) Case Study: Pollution Prevention Pays • Begun in 1975 by 3M company, a very large manufacturing company • Redesigned equipment and processes • Fewer hazardous chemicals • Recycled or sold toxic chemical outputs • Began making nonpolluting products 5 • • Company saved $1.2 billion Sparked cleaner production movement 36) Three Big Ideas • Dynamic forces that move matter within the earth and on its surface __________________ the earth’s __________________, form deposits of _______________________________, and cause volcanic eruptions, ______________________, and tsunamis. • The available supply of a mineral resource depends on _______________ of it is in the earth’s crust, _________________________ we use it, mining technology, ____________________________, and the harmful environmental effects of removing and using it. • We can use mineral resources more __________________________ by trying to find ___________________________ for scarce resources, reducing resource waste, and reusing and recycling nonrenewable minerals. 6