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Transcript
ANCIENT GREECE • ESSENTIAL QUESTION: –In what ways did geography and climate shape Greek life? ANCIENT GREECE UNIT 2 – Early Civilizations • PRE TEST: 1. Among the greatest gifts to western culture from ancient Greece were: a. b. c. d. Latin, republican governments, and art Democracy, philosophy, and engineering Hieroglyphics, pyramids, and mummification Arena sports, Christianity, and republican government ANCIENT GREECE 2. In order to vote in Athens and Rome, a person had to be: born of citizen parents, 18 years of age, and; a. b. c. d. In the military Married A high school graduate A male ANCIENT GREECE •Greece was not a united country. •It was a collection of separate lands where Greek speaking people lived. Geography • The Sea • The Land Ancient Greece 750 B.C. City- States • A city-state or a polis is a city and its surrounding countryside. • An acropolis – a high city, a meeting place on top of a hill Acropolis – a city on a hill City-States • Geography plays a huge role in the formation of city-states • Mountains divided the lands into many different regions (naturally separated) • Growth of city-states with many different forms of government- monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy Forms of Government – Please open your textbooks to 128 and define the following forms of government in your notes: – Monarchy – Aristocracy – Oligarchy – Direct Democracy City-States • Two examples of how different city-states were are: Athens – Sparta – Athens • Democracy- After many reforms (changes) Athenians moved towards a rule by the people considered a limited democracy – Participation based on citizenship. When the people rule… • New rules started emerging… – No citizen shall own another citizen (slavery) – Any citizen could charge another citizen with wrongdoings – All citizens could submit laws for debate – Only citizens could vote. What is a citizen? • In Athens, a citizen had to be 1. Free 2. Male 3. Own property 4. Born in Athens – So, women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights. Discussion Question… • How is Athenian Government different from modern American Democracy?? VS. Answer: • In Athens: participation in politics is limited to adult male property owners. • In the U.S. it is open to all . In the U.S. elected representatives, not citizens, govern. Education in Athens (boys) • Sons of wealthy families received formal education • Schooling prepared boys to be good citizens • Studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music • Received training in logic and public speaking – (to be good debaters in politics) • When boys got older they went to military school to prepare them to defend Athens Education in Athens (girls) • Girls were educated at home • Learned about child-rearing, weaving, preparing meals, managing the household, and how to be good wives and mothers – Few women were able to read and write Athens and Pericles 461-429 B.C. • Pericles is a statesman that led Athens • He was a politician, speaker, and general Pericles’ Three Goals 1. Strengthen democracy – Increased number of public officials to include rich or poor, to serve if elected – This made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history – Direct democracy: citizens rule directly instead of through representative Pericles’ Three Goals 2. Hold and strengthen empire – Strengthen army 3. Glorify Athens – Beautify city: art, architecture SPARTA • Military State (unlike Athens, which had a – Democracy • Spartans were warriors, raised to protect themselves and their country Spartan Government • Government divided into branches 1. Assembly • Spartan citizens (males) and elected officials 2. Council of Elders • 30 older citizens- proposed laws 3. Five elected officials- carried out laws 4. Two kings - ruled over the military • Combination of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy Spartan Citizens • Social Order of Citizenship: – 1st- people who are related to original inhabitants • Ruling families who owned land – 2nd- non citizens • Were free, worked in commerce and industry – 3rd- Helots – a littler better than slaves • Worked in fields, as house servants Spartan Education - boys • Goal- to create a strong warrior • Children are beaten and whipped to make them tough – They were not allowed to cry out in pain • Given very little food – Encouraged to steal food Spartan Education • Some grew up to be warriors • Others became secret police. – They would spy on people like slaves • As adults, men did not live with their families – They lived with other soldiers Sparta Education- girls • Spartan women had more freedom than any other Greek city state • Educated to be fighters • Some became warriors •Spartans only focused on the military –So they did not value art or literature • Life purpose was to serve the military – “Come back with your shield or on it.” Greek Culture And Art ART • Greek art – sculptures, architecture, and pottery • Drama & Poetry– invented drama – Expression of Pride – Tribute to the Gods Architecture & Sculpture • Sculptures reflect ideal beauty and reality Venus de Milo Discobolos – The Disc Thrower Winged-Victory – Goddess of Nike Philosophy- “Lovers of Wisdom” • Believe that the universe is put together in an orderly way • People can understand this through logic and reason Socrates • The Unexamined Life is Not Worth Living • “Question yourself and your moral character” • “What is the right thing to do?” • Questions people about life • “Be as you wish to seem.” • “It is not living that matters, but living rightly.” Plato student of Socrates • In a perfect society all citizens would either be – Farmers and artisans – Warriors – Ruling class • Those who rule should have great insight and intellect Plato • “If a man neglects education, he walks lame to the end of his life.” • “Only the dead have seen the end of the war.” • “Opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance” Aristotle student of Plato • Began the use of the scientific method we use today • Questioned nature of the world, human belief, thought • “All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit, reason, passion, desire.” • “Good habits formed at youth make all the difference.” • Astronomy – – – – Science and Technology Studied the planets and stars Circumference of the earth Size of the sun Hypothesis about the earth being the center of the universe • New Technology included lever, pulleys and pumps