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McGraw-Hill Handbook Chapter 31 Every complete sentence consists of at least one subject (a noun and its modifiers) and a predicate (a verb, its objects, complements and modifiers) These elements come together to make a statement, ask a question, give a command, or express an emotion. Declarative sentences provide information about their subjects. Interrogative sentences pose questions about their subjects. Imperative sentences demand something of their subjects. Exclamatory sentences emphasize a point or express a strong emotion. The simple subject of a sentence is the noun or pronoun that names the topic of the sentence. The complete subject is the simple subject plus its modifiers. A compound subject contains two or more simple subjects connected with a conjunction such as and, but, or, or neither…nor. In imperative sentences, which give commands or directions, the subject you is usually implied, not stated. “WAKE UP!” Is an example of the implied you in an imperative sentence. In a sentence the predicate says something about the subject. The verb (including any helping verbs) constitute the simple predicate. The verb and any modifiers, objects, or complements make up the complete predicate. Compound predicates contain two or more predicates connected by a conjunction. example: The students decapitated the teacher and used his head as a hood ornament. Identifying the subject and Predicate Underline the complete subject, bracket the complete predicate, and circle the simple subject and simple predicate. 1. Did Gene Roddenberry, the creator and producer of Star Trek, anticipate that his science fiction television series would be watched by people of all ages for more than thirty years? Underline the complete subject, bracket the complete predicate, and circle the simple subject and simple predicate. 1. Did Gene Roddenberry, the creator and producer of Star Trek, anticipate that his science fiction television series would be watched by people of all ages for more than thirty years? Underline the complete subject, bracket the complete predicate, and circle the simple subject and simple predicate. 1. [Did] Gene Roddenberry, the creator and producer of Star Trek, [anticipate that his science fiction television series would be watched by people of all ages for more than thirty years?] Underline the complete subject, bracket the complete predicate, and circle the simple subject and simple predicate. 1. [Did] Gene Roddenberry, the creator and producer of Star Trek, [anticipate that his science fiction television series would be watched by people of all ages for more than thirty years?] Underline the complete subject, bracket the complete predicate, and circle the simple subject and simple predicate. 1. [Did] Gene Roddenberry, the creator and producer of Star Trek, [anticipate that his science fiction television series would be watched by people of all ages for more than thirty years?] Working in groups of two or three complete the exercise. Work together. Be prepared to explain your answers. A linking verb joins a subject to more information about it that is located on the other side of the verb. That information is called the subject complement. A subject complement can be either a noun or an adjective. the forms of be (is, am, was, etc.) are the most common linking verbs. The other two categories of verbs are transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs are verbs that require a direct object. Intransitive verbs do not require an object. A transitive verb identifies an action that the subject performs or does to somebody or something else—the direct object. To complete its meaning, a transitive verb needs a direct object. Direct objects are almost always nouns, pronouns or groups of words that act like nouns or pronouns. Jebediah cooked the ‘possum. Jolene ate it and drank some Four Loko. Transitive verbs, unlike linking verbs and intransitive verbs, have two voices: active and passive. In a sentence with a transitive verb in the active voice, the subject is doing the action and the direct object is being acted upon. Example: Morons often consider intelligent people idiots. If a sentence in the active voice is rewritten in the passive voice, the direct object becomes the subject and the original subject becomes part of a phrase introduced with the preposition by. Example: Intelligent people are often considered idiots by morons. Rewrite the sentence, changing the verb from the passive to the active voice. Passive voice: A new nation was brought forth on this continent by our fathers four score and seven years ago. Active voice: Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. Working in groups of two or three complete the exercise. Work together. Be prepared to explain your answers. Indirect objects indicate to whom an action was done, or for whom an action was completed. They are most commonly used with verbs such as give, ask, tell, send, sing, and write. Jolene played Jeb her twenty-seven minute rendition of “Achy Breaky Heart” on the Sousaphone. Jeb used a plastic spork to give himself a frontal lobotomy. Indirect objects usually appear after the verb but before the direct object. Verbs that imply action done to or for a person (such as announce, demonstrate, and say) require the indirect object to begin with to or for and follow the direct object. In addition to a direct object and an indirect object, a transitive verb can take another element in its predicate: an object complement. An object complement describes or renames the direct object it follows. The ‘possum fricassee made Jeb and Jolene sick as dogs. The teacher left the students scarred for life. An intransitive verb describes an action by a subject, but it is not an action that is done directly to anything or anyone else. Therefore, an intransitive verb cannot take an object or a complement. However, adverbs and adverb phases often appear in predicates built around intransitive verbs. Some verbs (cooperate, assent, disappear, insist) are always intransitive. Others (increase, grow, roll, work) can be either transitive or intransitive. Underline the verb in each sentence, and label it transitive (trans), intransitive (intrans), or linking (link). If the verb is transitive, circle and label the direct object (DO) and label any indirect objects (IO) or object compliment (OC). If the verb is linking, circle and label the subject compliment (SC). Hybrid cars produce low tailpipe emissions. Hybrid cars produce low tailpipe emissions. trans Hybrid cars produce low tailpipe emissions. trans Hybrid cars produce low tailpipe emissions. trans Hybrid cars produce low tailpipe emissions. DO Working in groups of two or three complete the exercise. Work together. Be prepared to explain your answers. A phrase is a group of related words that lacks a subject, a predicate or both. A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a predicate. Independent clauses can stand on their own as complete sentences. Dependent clauses (a.k.a. subordinate clauses) cannot stand alone and function in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. A noun phrase consists of a noun or noun substitute plus all of its modifiers. Noun phrases can function as a sentences subject, object or subject complement. A verb phrase is a verb plus its helping verbs. Indentify noun phrases in the sentence below. The stinking, dead ‘possum made a hearty meal. Noun phrase as subject The stinking, dead ‘possum made a hearty meal. Noun phrase as subject The stinking, dead ‘possum made a hearty meal. Noun phrase as object Verbals are words derived from verbs. They function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, not as verbs. Writing is essential to gainful employment. The ringing cellphone sent the instructor into a snot-slinging rage. The gerbil went flying through the air. A participial phrase begins with either a present participle (the –ing form of a verb or a past participle (the –ed or –en) form of a verb. They always function as adjectives. A comma usually follows a participial phrase when it begins a sentence. Following his frustrating work day, the douche bag kicked the sleeping dog through the window. Awoken by the attack, the dog returned later and chewed off his face. Maimed for life, the d-bag went into hiding. A gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund phrase uses the –ing form of a verb just as some participial phrases do, but gerund phrases always function as nouns, not adjectives. A comma never follows a gerund phrase that begins a sentence. Working as a teacher doesn’t pay the bills. The cop investigated my thieving. An infinitive phrase is formed using the infinitive, or to form of a verb: to be, to do, to live. It can function as an adverb, an adjective, or a noun and can be a subject, subj. or obj. complement, or a direct obj. in a sentence. Appositives rename nouns or pronouns and appear right after the word they rename. One writer, the widely admired Dave Cherry, was rejected by the grant committee, a despised assemblage of dilettantes and mouth-breathing imbeciles. Absolute phrases modify an entire sentence. They include a noun or pronoun, a participle and their related modifiers, objects or complements. The provide details or causes. Mr. Cherry felt better, having keyed the chairperson’s car. For the underlined words in the sentences, identify the kind of phrase and how it functions in the sentence. Passing ENGL 0310 is possible only if one attends class regularly. For the underlined words in the sentences, identify the kind of phrase and how it functions in the sentence. Passing ENGL 0310 is possible only if one attends class regularly. [gerund phrase as subject] Working in groups of two or three complete the exercise. Work together. Be prepared to explain your answers. Although dependent clauses (a.k.a. subordinate clauses) have a subject and a predicate, they cannot stand alone as complete sentences. They are introduced by subordinators— either by a subordinating conjunction, such as after, in order to, or since (see box on p. 493 for a more complete list), or by a relative pronoun such who, which, or that (see box on p. 486 for more). Dependent clauses function in sentences as adjectives, adverbs and nouns. An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) or relative adverbs (where, when) are used to connect adjective clauses to the nouns or pronouns they modify. An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb and answers the questions adverbs answer: When? Where? What? Why? and How? Adverb clauses are often introduced by subordinators (after, when, before, because, although, if, though, whenever, where, whenever). A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. It can function as a subject, object, or complement of a sentence. It is usu. Introduced by a relative pronoun (who, which, that) or a relative adverb (how, what, when, why). I an elliptical clause one or more grammatically necessary words are omitted because their meaning and function are clear from the surrounding context. Examples of elliptical clauses: This is the class [that] I usually skip. I figure [that] if I’m gonna fail, I might as well enjoy it. Two shots are better than one [is], but three make the world a beautiful place. Underline the dependent clauses in the sentence below and identify each one as an adjective, adverb, or noun clause. During the 1970s and 1980s, AsianAmerican writers, who often drew upon their immigrant experiences, gained a wide readership. During the 1970s and 1980s, AsianAmerican writers, who often drew upon their immigrant experiences, gained a wide readership. During the 1970s and 1980s, AsianAmerican writers, who often drew upon their immigrant experiences, gained a wide readership. Adjective clause modifying the subject of the sentence Working in groups of two or three complete the exercise. Work together. Be prepared to explain your answers. Sentences can be classified into four types by the nmber of clauses they contain and how those clauses are joined: Simple Compound Complex Compound-complex. Simple sentences are composed of only one independent clause. Simple sentences The roar of leaf blower bounced him out of bed at 5:00 a.m. on Sunday morning. The dweebs, geeks, freaks and pinheads emptied the principal’s liquor cabinet and firebombed the senior prom. Compound Sentence contains two or more coordinated independent clauses but no dependent clauses. The independent clauses may be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon with or without a conjunctive adverb (therefore, meanwhile, then, hence, etc). Compound Sentences The Dweebs are mean drunks, so the Band Geeks carry tasers. The principal was caught in flagrante delicto with Boopsie the head cheerleader, hence he lost his job. A complex sentence contains one independent cla.use and one or more dependent clauses. He jumped out the window when his wife walked through the door because this was not the first time she had caught him with a cheerleader. A compound-complex sentence contains two or more coordinated independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The principal did not enjoy his stay in the federal penitentiary, but he did finally have the time to build the scale model of Poughkeepsie, New York using only toothpicks, duct tape and earwax that he had dreamed of for many years. Identify the sentences as simple, compound, complex or compound-complex. Example: A priest, a rabbi and a Buddhist monk walk into a bar and the bartender serves them fuzzy navels and sloe gin frappés until the Buddhist monk climbs onto the bar and starts singing Nearer My God to Thee, at which point the bartender calls the cops. Independent clause Independent clause A priest, a rabbi and a Buddhist monk walk into a bar and the bartender serves them fuzzy navels and sloe gin frappés until the Buddhist monk climbs onto the bar and starts singing Nearer My God to Thee, at which point the bartender calls the cops. and is a coordinating conjunction joining indepent clauses A priest, a rabbi and a Buddhist monk walk into a bar and the bartender serves them fuzzy navels and sloe gin frappés until the Buddhist monk climbs onto the bar and starts singing Nearer My God to Thee, at which point the bartender calls the cops. until is a subordinating conjunction creating a dependent clause. A priest, a rabbi and a Buddhist monk walk into a bar and the bartender serves them fuzzy navels and sloe gin frappés until the Buddhist monk climbs onto the bar and starts singing Nearer My God to Thee, at which point the bartender calls the cops. at which point functions as a conjunctive adverb A priest, a rabbi and a Buddhist monk walk into a bar and the bartender serves them fuzzy navels and sloe gin frappés until the Buddhist monk climbs onto the bar and starts singing Nearer My God to Thee, at which point the bartender calls the cops. What type of sentence is it? Working in groups of two or three complete the exercise. Work together. Be prepared to explain your answers. Homework Assignment: Working individually, complete Exercise 31.7.