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UNIT 1 & 2 Foundations: 8000 B.C.E.- 600 C.E. UNIT 1:– Agricultural Revolution & Urbanization (Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India) UNIT 2: Rise and Fall of Empires (Assyrian, Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, Persia, Han, Africa) Why and where do civilizations arise? Why and how do they endure and flourish? Why do they fall? Role of Climate and Geography in Early Societies Nomadic people moved from Africa to other areas: plentiful food sources, livable climate, water source, tools – created small kinship Ice Age – ice allowed people To move to new land areas Rivers – Early societies lived near rivers If rivers were difficult, IRRIGATION Birth of New Technologies Fire Bronze Iron Societies with access to iron could rule with compound bows and weapons Population and DEMOGRAPHY What factors influence population growth and decline? Rise of Agriculture Spontaneous separate development – why, where and when? New Civilizations = Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India (river valley systems) Diffusion of specific plants and techniques New Civilizations = irrigation, grains (wheat, barley, rice) or yams What is a Civilization? Standard criteria: - Cities as centers of administration - Political system based on territory - Specialization of labor (including advances in arts & sciences) - Division of classes in society (wealth/elites) - Monument building and urban planning - Record keeping (used to be writing) - Long distance trade Use of term? Skill: Analysis/historical argumentation Fertile Crescent: Mesopotamia Mesopotomia: Tigres & Euphrates River (unpredictable) Few natural resources, open to invasion – SO…wars, trade, mobilized resources Warriors became leaders – lugal Technology – arithmetic, geometry, ramps, cuneiform, ziggurats, columns, arches Gave way to BABYLONIAN Empire --Peak is Hammurabi & Hammurabi’s Code Egypt Egypt Geography: desert is a natural barrier, isolated SO…less emphasis on war, trade, aggression Upper & Lower Nile Government: Pharoahs (Gods on earth) = theocracy rule after death, polytheistic Technology: Hieroglyphics and papyrus Gave way to: NUBIAN KINGDOM (govt. based on religion), Compare & Contrast Egypt & Mesopotamia Mesopotamia __________ flooding secular ruler from army __________writing Settled cities/vulnerable to invasion bc. of open space Women held few rights Egypt Predictable Flooding ________– Gods on earth hieroglyphics More rural – focus on trade not territory/protected Women had _____ rights: hold, inherit, will property No laws – Pharoah is law Set of laws - ___________ . SIMILARITIES: Monumental architecture (ziggurauts, pyramids), class system (3 diff. classes), slaves, irrigation, polytheistic China SHANG – Many wars, writing, walled cities, used oracle bones - ZHOU Mandate of Heaven (justified rule of Emperor) roads, canals, irrigation Confucianism vs. Legalism 3-generational family, Dynastic Cycle SIMILARITIES of Earliest States: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, Mesoamerica Skill: compare/contrast Settled population Bronze metallurgy Irrigation and near rivers Dominated by a leader Polytheism (except China) Patriarchal society Labor specialization Unique characteristics CHINA: Empire did not fall – continued through Dynastic Cycle Mandate of Heaven – to some extent, people gave ruler power Very independent – did not need to trade Philosophy, but not a religion MESOAMERICA: isolated and not influenced by other empires Few technologies (no levers and pulleys, little metallurgy) llamas (for transportation), corn, beans, squash, yams INDIA: Writing system, but undecipherable Mohenjo-daro & Harrappa – central authority (standardization) Empire Building (from State to Empire – Unit 2) How does an empire rise? What does an empire require to exist? city center for trade, religion & political administration Social hierarchies What do its subjects expect? Symbols of legitimacy Why do empires fall? (Conrad-Demerest Model) Achievements in Classical Age of Empires Persian, Phoenician, Roman, Greek, Qin, Han, Mauryan and Gupta Greek science and philosophy- Plato, Aristotle Roman law and architecture Political organization in Han China Spiritual, artistic developments in Gupta India Skill: continuities and change - Continuities of (early) civilizations to empires: Patriarchy Slavery Hierarchical/caste system Changes in (early) civilizations to empires: Development of Empires with city centers Government systems with legal codes Technology and ideas Belief systems (Axial Age) More Interactions (networks of trade) MONUMENTAL ARCHECTURE Symbols of Legitimacy in States/Empires Interregional Networks of People by 600 C.E. Silk Roads Mediterranean trade Indian Ocean trade Meso and Andean American trading Axial Age Thinkers Origins of World Belief Systems Polytheism Origins of World Belief Systems Hinduism Origins of World Belief Systems Judaism Origins of World Belief Systems Confucianism Origins of World Belief Systems Daoism Origins of World Belief Systems Buddhism Origins of World Belief Systems Christianity Origins of World Belief Systems Islam Diffusion of Belief Systems