Download Ch. 19 GN - Jamestown Public Schools

Mrs. Melquist
Guided Notes
Unit 6 Microorganisms & Fungi
Ch. 19 Bacteria & Viruses
Bacteria
- Prokaryotes - ______________ organisms that lack a __________
o The ____________ & most ___________ microorganisms
Classifying Prokaryotes
- _____________ are divided into __ separate ______________: ______________ &
_________________
- ______________ are surrounded by a cell ______ that ____________ the cell from
_________ & determines its ________
- ____________________ live in extremely _________ environments
o May be found in _________________ environ. like thick ______ & the digestive
_______ of ____________
o Some live in _________ environ. like Utah’s Great ______ _______
o Others are found in _____ springs where ________ approach the ___________
point of _________
Identifying Prokaryotes
- ________________ are identified by characteristics such as ________, the
_____________ nature of their cell _______, the way they ________, & the way they
obtain __________
- Bacilli - _____________ bacteria
- Cocci - ___________ bacteria
- Spirilla - _______________ bacteria
- __ different types of cell ________ are found in ________________
- ________ staining is a method used to tell them ________
- __________________ bacteria have a _____________________ wall
- __________________ bacteria have a _________ layer
Metabolic Diversity
- Chemoheterotrophs – most _________________ prokaryotes take in __________
molecules for both __________ & a supply of ___________
o Includes most ____________, even ______________
- Photoheterotrophs - __________________ prokaryotes that are __________________,
using _______________ for energy, but also need to take in ___________ compounds as a
____________ source
Metabolic Diversity (cont.)
- Photoautotrophs - ____________ that use _______ energy to convert _________
__________ & _________ to ___________ compounds & ____________
o Found where __________ is plentiful
- Chemoautotrophs - _________________ that can perform ___________________
o Like photoautotrophs, they make _________ carbon molecules from _______ dioxide
o However, they do not require ________ as a __________ source
o They use ___________ directly from ___________ reactions involving __________,
______________ sulfide, ___________, sulfur, or ________
- Obligate aerobes - _______________ that require a constant supply of _____________ in
order to _______
- Obligate anaerobes - ____________ that must live in the ____________ of ___________
- Facultative anaerobes - ____________ that can survive ________ or ___________ oxygen
Growth & Reproduction
- Binary fission – when a _______________ has ________ so that it has nearly
___________ in size, it _____________ (copies) its ______ & ___________ in half,
producing __ identical “______________” cells
- Conjugation – when a hollow ________ forms between __ bacterial ______, & ________
move from __ cell to ___________
- Endospore – a type of ________ that is formed when a ______________ produces a thick
internal ________ that encloses its ______ & a portion of its _____________
o Allows some ____________ to ______________ harsh ______________ like
extreme _______, dryness, or lack of ______________
Importance of Bacteria
- _____________ are vital to maintaining the _________ world
- Some are _______________ that capture _________ by __________________
- Others are ____________________ that break down the _____________ in _________
matter & the __________________
- Still other ______________ have ___________ uses
- Nitrogen fixation – the process of converting ______________ gas into a form that
________ can use
o Allows _____________ atoms to continually _______ through the ______________
o Certain _____________ produce ____________ compounds, ______________
- Human Uses:
o Used to clean up _____ spills because they digest _______________
o Some remove __________ products & ___________ from __________
o Some synthesize ________ & _____________ in genetic ________________
o Some _____ in the ____________ intestine, & make _____________ that the
_______ cannot produce by __________
What is a Virus?
- Virus – particles of ___________ acid, ___________, & sometimes, ________
- They can ______________ only by infecting ________ cells
- _________ enter _________ cells & use the ______________ of the ____________ cell
to produce more __________
- A typical ________ is composed of a core of _____ or ______ surrounded by a
___________ coat
- Capsid – a virus’s ___________ coat, it includes ___________ that enable a ________ to
enter a ________ cell
- Bacteriophages - __________ that infect ____________
Viral Infection
- In a ________ infection, a
_______ enters a ______,
makes ________ of itself, &
causes the _______ to
_________
- Lytic infection – when the
_______ cell is ________, or
burst ________, & _________
- In a ________________
infection, a _______ integrates
its _____ into the _____ of the
_______ cell, & the viral
____________ information
______________ (copies) along
with the _________ cell’s
_______
- Lysogenic infections – when a
_______ cell makes _________
of the ________, indefinitely
- Prophage – the viral ______
embedded in the host’s ______
Retroviruses
- Retroviruses - __________
that contain _______ as their
___________ information
- After infecting a ________, they produce a ______ copy of their _______ (working
________________)
- Ex.) ________
Diseases Caused by Bacteria & Viruses
- Pathogens - __________________ agents
- ____________ can be considered a ____________ between the _____________ & the
_______
Bacterial Disease in Humans
- ____________ live ____ & ____ our _________, some help us perform essential
_____________
- However, the __________ of pathogenic ____________ disrupts the body’s
_________________ by _________________ with its normal ______________ &
producing _____________
- ______________ produce _____________ in __ of __ general ways:
o They damage the _______ & __________ of the infected _____________ by
breaking down the ______ for _________
o They release _________ (poisons) that __________ throughout the _______
interfering with the normal ____________ of the _______
Preventing Bacterial Disease
- Vaccine – a preparation of ______________ or _______ pathogens
o When _____________ in the ________, sometimes prompts the _________ to
produce ______________ to the ____________
- Antibiotics - ______________ that _______ the __________ & _______________ of
bacteria
o Only effective against ________________ infections
Controlling Bacteria
- There are various __________ used to control bacterial __________, including
__________________, ______________________, & food ________________
Viral Diseases in Humans
- Like ____________, ___________ produce ____________ by disrupting the ________
normal __________________
- In many _________ infections, __________ attack & __________ certain _______ in the
_________, causing the symptoms of ____________