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Transcript
Chapter 15 Vocabulary Section 15.1 Population – The number of people living in an area at a particular time. Demography – The area of sociology devoted to the study of human population. Birthrate - the measure used to describe the annual number of births per 1000 members of a population. Fertility – the actual numbers of births occurring to women of child-bearing age. Fecundity – the biological capability to bear children. Death rate – the measure used to describe the annual number of deaths per 1000 members of a population. Life Expectancy – the average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live. Migration – the movement of people into a specified area per 1000 members. Growth Rate – the rate of which a country’s population is growing. Malthusian Theory – a theory that predicts that the Earth’s population will reach astronomically high numbers. Demographic-transition Theory – Population patterns are tied to that societies level of technological development. Family Planning – the conscious planning by couples to determine how many children they will have. Section 15.2 Urbanization – the movement of the population to concentrate in cities. City – A permanent concentration of a relatively large number of people who are engaged mainly in non-farming activities. Over-urbanization – a situation in which more people live in a city than can be supported in terms of jobs and facilities. Section 15.3 Urban ecology – the sociological approach to the study of cities. Concentric Zone model – a sociological model that describes a city as spreading from outward from the center, creating rings or zones around it. Sector Model – a sociological model that describes a city a spreading out in wedges rather than in concentric zones. Multiple nuclei model – a sociological model that describes a city does not develop around any specific center, but around multiple areas. Urban sprawl – a situation that occurs which is characterized by poorly planned city development on the edge of cities and towns. Urban anomie theory – a theory that states that cities are an anonymous and unfriendly place and living there carries serious negative consequences for residents. Compositional Theory – examines the way that the composition of the city influences city life. Subcultural Theory – theory that states that it is easier to form primary connections with others in cities because there are more people who may share interests and ideas with you.