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Theory and Institutions Educational Data and Policy Making What is Theory Conceptual Framework to think about things Empirically testable Enables same hypothesis to take on different meanings Grand, middle range, and sub theory – depends on social institution and approach Social Institutions Have Functions in Society Theory provides framework how we view each? • Economy • Education • Marriage • Work • Criminal justice Theoretical approaches to social institutions can be positivistic, psychological, social-psychological, sociological with sub-theories under each Aggregating Sociological Theory Education • • • • • Complex system to transform knowledge and create citizens Basic education – reading, writing, math Teaches and provides: Empathy Socialization – social skills and norms (norms, beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors) Training for future roles in work, as a citizen, as parents Socials bonds/identity Custodial function 5-18 year olds Educational Research 1960-70, The Coleman Report Recruited by the Dept or Education after 1964 Civil Rights act to study the impact of segregation on equal education opportunities The Study Research Question: inequity: how is it defined? Resources, levels of achievement Method: surveys, recruitment, refusal, response rate and bias Variables: SES, parents education, reading at home, # siblings, race, future outlook Findings Variations in achievement more to do with fellow students economic status than race Little to do with school facilities and resources Dept of Ed hoped the report would prove to be an assault on inequities, but instead it outlines that school and achievement will not improve with more resources What helped was SES diversity (not just race) Result busing (white flight/tracking) Lessons for Social Research Unintended findings Control of their construction once released Findings are circumvented Social conditions can change by time findings are made public