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Name ______________________________________ Per. ______ 2nd Semester Final Review Physical Science ____ 1. The distance traveled by an object divided by the time it takes to travel that distance is called ___________________. ____ 2. In order to determine speed, you must know what two variables? ____ 3. What is the speed of an object at rest? ____ 4. The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includes ________________. ____ 5. Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by ___________________. ____ 6. The SI unit for acceleration is _________________. ____ 7. On a velocity-time graph, a line with a negative slope indicates that the object is ____________________________. ____ 8. When the velocity of an object changes, it is acted upon by a ________________. ____ 9. If the net force acting on a stationary object is zero, then the object will stay at ________. ____ 10. Friction is defined as ______________________________________________________. ____ 11. A force is continuously applied to an object, causing it to accelerate. After a period of time, however, the object stops accelerating. What is slowing it down? ____ 12. Which value indicates an increase in speed? ____ 13. Which two variables are needed for calculating momentum? ____ 14. If you divide momentum by velocity, the result is the value of the object’s ___________. ____ 15. A 10.0 kg dog chasing a rabbit north at 6.0 m/s has a momentum of ____ 16. If you are given the mass of an object in pounds, the time in seconds, and the distance in feet, what must you do before you can calculate the momentum in SI units? ____ 17. Weight is best described as _______________________________________________. ____ 18. When objects are moved further apart from each other, the force of gravity __________. ____ 19. Of the following, the greatest gravitational force would occur between a marble and a baseball 5 meters apart Or the Moon and Earth? ____ 20. The law that states that every object maintains constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force is the __________ Law of Motion. ____ 21. The law that states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force is the _________ Law of Motion. ____ 22. The law that states that the unbalanced force acting on an object equals the object’s mass times its acceleration is the __________ Law of Motion. ____ 23. Which of the following is true? Weight and mass are proportional but not equal. Weight is the gravitational force an object experiences due to its mass. The weight of an object on Earth is greater than the weight of the same object on the surface of the moon, but the object’s mass stays the same. All of the above a. b. c. d. 15 m/s2 0 m/s2 4 m/s2 ____ 24. What kind of object does not have momentum? One that isn’t __________________. ____ 25. What is the reaction force when you place a cup on a table? ____ 26. If two objects with different masses and traveling with different velocities collide, what law allows you to predict the motion of the objects after the collision? ____ 27. Express the following as an equation: One Newton is the force that can give an object with a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m/s2. ____ 28. In the absence of air resistance, how would the acceleration of a 1.5 kg book and the acceleration of a 15 kg rock differ if the objects were dropped from the same height? ____ 29. A boy pushes on a parked car with a force of 200 N. The car does not move. How much work does the boy do on the car? ____ 30. What are the units of work? Besides kgm2/s2, there are two more. ____ 31. A man pushes a crate along a factory floor by exerting a force of 55 N. If the crate moves a distance of 4.0 m, how much work does the man perform? ____ 32. What are the units of power? Besides J/s there are two more. ____ 33. A weightlifter presses a 400 N weight 0.5 m over his head in 2 seconds. What is the power of the weightlifter? ____ 34. What is the mechanical advantage of a ramp that is 10 meters long and 2 meters high? ____ 35. A machine is a device that ____________ and _____________ the direction of an input force. ____ 36. In a first-class lever, where is the fulcrum located? ____ 37. A wheelbarrow is an example of what kind of lever? ____ 38. What is an example of a third-class lever? ____ 39. What is the mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley? ____ 40. What is an example of a wheel and axle? ____ 41. An inclined plane changes both the magnitude and the direction of the input __________. ____ 42. Which of the following is not in the inclined plane family? a. a wedge c. a ramp b. a screw d. a wheel and axle ____ 43. Gravitational potential energy depends on what three factors? ____ 44. The efficiency of a ramp is 75%. If the amount of work input is 240 J, what is the amount of useful work output? ____ 45. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be _________________ nor _________________. ____ 46. Temperature is associated with the sensation of hot and cold. proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules. measured with thermometers. All of the above a. b. c. d. ____ 47. What is 37.0 degrees Celsius on the Fahrenheit scale? ____ 48. As the kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance increases, the temperature _____________. ____ 49. The transfer of energy caused by the collision of molecules is called ____ 50. The transfer of energy by the movement of fluids or gases with different temperatures is called ____ 51. Energy from the sun reaches Earth by ____ 52. Convection currents rise in air because cool air __________ and hot air __________. ____ 53. Which method of energy transfer does not involve movement of matter? ____ 54. Which of the following substances is the best conductor of transferring energy as heat? a. carbon dioxide gas c. iron b. water d. rubber ____ 55. Suppose a fixed number of joules of energy is added as heat to 1 kg of a substance. For which substance will the rise in temperature be the least? ____ 56. Energy as heat flows from a ___________ temp to a __________ temp. ____ 57. ____ 58. In an air conditioner, a substance that easily evaporates and condenses is used to transfer energy from a room to the air outside. When the substance evaporates, it absorbs energy as heat from ______________________________. What temperature does water freeze and boil in the Fahrenheit temperature scale? Specific Heats at 25C Substance Water (liquid) Steam Ammonia (gas) Ethanol (liquid) Aluminum Carbon (graphite) c (J/kgK) 4186 1870 2060 2440 897 709 Substance Copper Gold Iron Mercury Lead Silver c (J/kgK) 385 129 449 140 129 234 ____ 59. Using the table, determine which substance can absorb the most energy in a temperature increase of 1 K. ____ 60. Which substance has a specific heat approximately 10 times greater than the specific heat of silver? ____ 61. 10 kg of a substance underwent a 3 K change in temperature when 11 500 J of energy as heat was added to the substance. What is the substance? ____ 62. Sound waves need to travel through a ______________________. ____ 63. Light waves are examples of ________________________________ waves. ____ 64. Water waves transport ________________ but not water. ____ 65. The medium seismic waves travel through is _________________________________. ____ 66. Sound waves are transverse or longitudinal waves? ____ 67. Light waves are transverse or longitudinal waves? ____ 68. The wavelength of the wave in the diagram is _____________ m. ____ 69. The amplitude of the wave in the diagram is _____________ m. ____ 70. A man is standing on the shore of a beach, up to his knees in water. Every 5 seconds a wave breaks on him. What is the period of the wave? ____ 71. A train of waves is moving at a speed of 30 m/s. The frequency of the waves is 10 Hz. What is the wavelength? ____ 72. A person is standing still and listening to a siren sounding an alarm. The frequency of the sound is 500 Hz. What will happen to the frequency as the person runs toward the sound? ____ 73. The frequency of a sound wave determines the ______________ of the sound. ____ 74. How loud a sound is depends on the height or _________________ of the wave. ____ 75. Which type of wave has the higher frequency? Visible light or X-rays? ____ 76. The color of light is determined by __________________ of the light waves. ____ 77. Which type of electromagnetic wave has the greatest wavelength? ____ 78. A wave x meters long has a speed of y meters per second. What calculation is needed to solve for the frequency of the wave? ____ 79. A wave with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and a speed of 10 m/s has a wavelength of? ____ 80. Sound travels fastest in what kind of medium? Gas, liquid, or solid? ____ 81. Resonance refers to an effect in which the vibration of one object causes another object to vibrate at natural ____________________. ____ 82. A sonar system measures distance by determining the time it takes for sound waves to ______________ off a surface. ____ 83. Which type of electromagnetic waves has slightly longer wavelengths than red light? ____ 84. Which type of waves has wavelengths longer than microwaves? ____ 85. Which type of electromagnetic waves has the highest frequency? ____ 86. When light rays reflect off a rough surface, do they scatter, converge, or diverge? ____ 87. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of _____________________. ____ 90. An orange looks orange because it _______________ orange light and absorbs other colors. ____ 91. When light moves from a material in which its speed is higher to a material in which its speed is lower, does the ray bend inward or outward? ____ 94. Light rays that pass through a lens change direction because they are bent; in other words they are _____________________. ____ 95. Which drawing illustrates the law of reflection? ____ 96. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk and becomes positively charged, where did the electrons go? ____ 97. Electric force varies depending on the charge and ________________ distance between the charged objects. ____ 98. What kind of charge does every charged particle produce? Negative, positive, magnetic, or electric? ____ ____ 99. Electric field lines indicate both direction and relative _________________. 100. Potential difference is measured in _______________. ____ 101. Batteries typically have one ____________ and one ____________ terminal. ____ 102. An electric current is produced when charges are accelerated by an electric field to move to a position of potential energy that is … higher or lower? ____ 103. Current is the rate at which charges move through a(n) __________________. ____ 104. Potential differences cause ____________________ to move from the negative to positive terminal. ____ 105. Resistance is caused by internal ___________________________. ____ 106. The SI unit of resistance is the _____________________. ____ 107. A flashlight bulb with a potential difference of 4.5 V across its filament has a power output of 8.0 W. How much current is in the bulb filament? ____ 108. A 13 resistor has 0.050 A of current in it. What is the potential difference across the resistor? ____ 109. A resistor has a resistance of 280 . How much current is in the resistor if there is a potential difference of 120 V across the resistor? ____ 110. A set of electric trains are powered by a 9V battery. What is the resistance of the trains if they draw 3.0 A of current? ____ 111. Rank the following materials in order of least resistance to most resistance. Conductors, insulators, semiconductors, superconductors ____ 112. A color television draws about 2.5 A when it is connected to a 120 V outlet. Assuming electrical energy costs $0.060 per kWh, what is the cost of running the television for exactly 8 hours? ____ 113. Which substances lose their magnetism more easily than others? Hard or soft? ____ 114. Like magnetic poles always ______________ each other. ____ 115. T or F? Magnetic force is strongest near a magnet’s pole, is a field force, and acts as a distance. ____ 116. The magnetic field strength of a magnet __________ as distance from the magnet increases. ____ 117. What instrument is used to trace the direction of a magnetic field? ____ 118. What causes a compass needle to point to geographic north? ____ 119. Where are Earth’s magnetic poles are located? ____ 120. Magnetic fields are produced by electric _________________________. ____ 121. Magnetic field around a current-carrying wire forms concentric ____________ around the wire. ____ 122.The magnetic field created by current in wire can be increased by doing what to the coil? ____ 123.The magnetic field of a solenoid can be increased by ______ the loops on the solenoid. ____ 124.The strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid can be increased by inserting an ________ rod. ____ 125. How are the domains distributed in a magnetized substance? ____ 126. How are the magnetic domains arranged in an UNmagnetized piece of iron? ____ 127. A device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy is a(n) _________. ____ 128. When an iron rod is inserted into a solenoid’s center, the magnetic field produced by the current in the loops causes alignment of the _________________ in the iron. ____ 129. When a wire is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field, the force on the charges is… Maximum or Zero? ____ 130. Light travels as ____________________________ waves.