Download Exam 3 Quick reference guide Define the biological species concept

Exam 3 Quick reference guide
1. Define the biological species concept.
a. A group of populations whose members have the potential to
interbreed, but do not necessarily look the same.
b. It does not apply to asexual organisms.
2. What are pre- and post zygotic barriers? They are biological factors that ..
3. Match prezygotic barriers to examples from class.
4. Match postzygotic barriers to examples from class
5. Define taxonomy and systematics.
6. Know the taxonomic levels – know their order from most inclusive to least
inclusive.
7. Know characteristics of the scientific name versus a common name.
8. What is phylogeny? The evolutionary history of species.
9. How is phylogeny/evolutionary relationships among species determined?
a. The fossil record
b. Homologous structures (not analogous structures)
c. Comparative embryology
d. The nucleotide sequence of DNA (genes)
10. What are phylogenetic trees and what do they depict? They are branching
diagrams that depict…
11. What is cladisitics and what has it done to the traditional classification of
organisms?
12. What is a clade? It is a branch on a phylogenetic tree that includes all the
descendants of one ancestor
13. What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell? In prokaryotic
cells there is a lack of membrane bound organelles; specifically the nucleus is
absent
14. The current classification system know the Domains and the kingdoms under
each domain; types of cells and single or multi-cellular for members of each
domain.
a. Bacteria domain/kingdom= prokaryotic & mostly single-celled (not
cyanobacteria)
b. Archaea domain/kingdom = prokaryotic & single-celled
c. Eukarya domain= eukaryotic; single-celled and multicellular (some
colonial)
i. Protists – single-celled, colonial, and multicellular
ii. Plants – all multi-cellular
iii. Fungi – mostly multi-cellular (single-celled yeast)
iv. Animals – all multi-cellular
15. Define these nutritional modes and who they represent (kingdoms):
a. Autotroph
b. Heterotroph
c. Photoautotroph = C source is carbon dioxide & energy source is
sunlight: plants, algae (protists) & cyanobacteria
d. Mixotrophs = switch between autotrophy and heterotrophy
16. Define decomposers. What organisms are decomposers?
a. Defineb. Organisms – Bacteria and fungi are the main decomposers of
ecosystems
17. What are cell walls? What organisms have them and what distinguishes
them? Define=
a. Bacteria = peptidoglycan
b. Plant =cellulose
c. Fungi= chitin
18. Bacteria characteristics:
a. Most single cells (spherical, rod or curved shaped)
b. Cell wall of peptidoglcyan
c. Mobile? If so how do they move?
d. Structures outside of cell wall: pili, capsule, outer-membrane
e. Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs
f. Difference in structure between a Gram + and Gram – bacterium?
g. How reproduce? Asexual reproduction via binary fission
h. Genetic recombination via lateral gene transfer (conjugation via sex
pilus)
i. Some (mainly rods) produce spores- why?
19. Distinguish between these bacteria:
a. Obligate aerobes =
b. Obligate anaerobes =
c. Facultative anaerobes =
20. Pathogenic bacteria: cause disease in the host they infect due to some
molecules they possess or produce. Most pathogenic bacteria produce
poisons (toxins):
a. Capsule = explain
b. Endotoxins= chemical components of the outer membrane (in Gram –
negative bacteria): LPS of outer membrane
c. Exotoxins = proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their
environment
i. Several exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus
ii. Botulism toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
iii. Tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani
21. Kingdom Protists is a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms. There are
multiple clades of protists with some lineages that are more closely related to
plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists.
a. Reproduction: asexual and sexual
b. Some can move with flagella, cilia, or pseudopods.
c. Some are autotrophs (A), some are heterotrophs (H), few are both
i. (A) Algae (uni-cellular, colonial and multicellular seaweeds)
ii. (A/H) Photosynthetic Euglena (a mixotroph)
iii. (H) Protozoans- eat by ingestion
iv. (H) Slime molds
22. How do protists move? Identify the structures and how they work.
23. Describe a protozoan (H). Single-celled protist that ingest their food and
primarily live in aquatic environments (flagellates, ciliates, amoebas, and
apicomplexans). Read ppt slide and study guide for more details.
24. Describe slime molds (H). Protist that resemble fungi in lifestyle and
appearance as decomposers, but are not closely related.
25. Describe unicellular algae (A). Photosynthetic protist that support food
chains in fresh water and marine ecosystems (dinoflagellates, diatoms and
unicellular green algae)
26. Describe seaweeds (A). Multicellular, photosynthetic marine algae that
grow on and near rocky shores (include red, green and brown algae)
27. Fungi characteristics: mushrooms, molds, mildew, bracket fungus, yeast, and
truffles
a. Body is made of thread-like filaments called hyphae: threads of
cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane
b. Most hyphae are multicellular (with chains of cells separated by cross
walls with pores)
c. Yeast are single-celled.
d. All are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
e. Haploid body cells
f. Cells walls of chitin
g. Don’t move
h. Mycelium body of hyphae is underground or below a surface: it’s
hyphae grow, feed, and produce reproductive structures.
i. Generally reproductive structures grow above-ground (or above a
surface) from the below ground mycelium; as with mushrooms &
bread mold)
j. Reproduction: asexual and sexual
k. Typically reproduce by releasing haploid spores that are produced
either sexually or asexually.
l. Spores germinate by producing mycelia if they land on a moist place
with food.
28. Fungi- What are fungal hyphae are used for? (see ppt slides)
29. Fungi- know about nutritional modes –see ppt slides and study guide
30. Fungi -Identify symbiotic relationships: lichen and mycorrhizae
31. Plants are: multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs, sexual and asexual
reproduction, don’t move
32. Characteristics of non-vascular plants (Bryophtes): mosses & liverworts
33. Characteristics of vascular plants with no seeds: ferns
34. Characteristics of vascular plants with seeds that are naked (gymnosperms):
conifers/ ginkgos
35. Characteristics of flowering vascular plants with fruits surrounding their
seeds (angiosperms):
a. Monocots – grains like corn, lilies, palms
b. Dicots – rose bushes, hardwood trees and cactus
36. Match mosses, ferns, pine trees, and rosebushes to either non-vascular,
vascular without seeds, vascular with naked seeds and vascular, seeds
surrounded by an ovary
37. Distinguish between an angiosperm and gymnosperm. How are they
different: which is classified as monocots/dicots? Which includes conifers?
Do they both produce pollen?
38. What are conifers? Be familiar with ppt slides
39. Know the fern life cycle.
a. The diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores (via meiosis) which
can fall to the ground and germinate to produce a haploid, multicellular gametophyte through mitotic divisions.
b. Haploid sperm and eggs are found in the mature gametophyte.
c. Water is required for the sperm to reach the egg.
d. The fertilized egg produces a diploid zygote
e. The diploid zygote divides by mitosis and grows and differentiates
into diploid zygote.
40. Define apical meristem. (see ppt slide)
a. Where are they found?
b. Their mitotic division produces what type of growth?
41. Define lateral meristem
a. Where are they found?
b. Their mitotic division produces what type of growth?
42. Primary growth is growth in length
43. Secondary growth:
a. Is growth in width of stems and roots
b. Gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem
c. It occurs in dicots & conifers when primary growth is completed.
d. It causes the epidermis to be replaced with cork cells.
44. The division of the lateral meristem in the cork cambium produces __________
cells.
45. The division of the lateral meristem in the vascular cambium produces
secondary ______________ and secondary _____________
46. What are the three plant tissue, their descriptions and functions:
a. Dermal:
b. Ground:
c. Vascular: now components and function of xylem and phloem
47. For a dicot know the arrangement of plant tissues in the root:
a. Dermal (epidermis) with root hairs and no cuticle
b. Cortex – outer cell mass and inner cell mass (endoderm)
c. Vascular cylinder at the core
48. For a dicot know the arrangement of plant tissues in the stem:
a. Vascular tissue arranged in a ring.
b. Central tissue = ground tissue= pith
c. Outer ground tissue = cortex
d. Outermost tissue is dermal tissue =epidermis
49. For a monocot know the arrangement of plant tissues in the stem:
a. Vascular tissue is scattered within ground tissue.
50. What is the dermal cuticle and what is its function? Where in a plant is the
waxy, waterproof cuticle secreted? Where is it not secreted and why?
51. Know facts about leaf structure in dicots.
a. They are the major sites of photosynthesis in most.
b. They posses most of their stomata on the lower side of the leaf.
c. They contain ground tissue called mesophyll.
a. They contain bundles of vascular tissue (veins) that are branched
within the leaf
52. Xylem
a. Consists of tracheids and wider vessel elements
b. Transports water and dissolved minerals
53. Phloem:
a. Consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells
b. Transports plant products (sugars and hormones)
54. The components of a complete flower include:
55. In an angiosperm the female gametophyte: is the egg, which is found within
an ovule inside the ovary of a carpel.
56. In an angiosperm the male gametophyte: is sperm found in the anther of a
pollen grain
57. In angiosperms:
a. Microspores and megaspores are produced through meiosis and are
haploid
b. Microspores will give rise to the male gametophyte, while megaspores
give rise to the female gametophyte.
c. Microspores undergo ______ mitotic division to produce ______ sperm
cells
d. Megaspores undergo ______ mitotic divisions to produce ______ cells.
58. In angiosperms sexual reproduction is characterized by a double fertilization
event. Which of the following statements is true regarding this double
fertilization? One sperm fertilizes one egg and it will become the plant
zygote, while a second sperm fertilizes a larger cell with 2 nuclei to become a
triploid cell
59. Know the details of what happens after the egg is fertilized and the triploid
cell is produced (see your ppt slides)
60. In an angiosperm what forms the seed? What does it provide?
61. In an angiosperm what forms the fruit? What different kinds of fruits exist?
Tasty, winged or clingy; what is its purpose?
62. Why is seed dispersal important?
63. Define:
a. Cotyledon
b. Endosperm
c. Pollination
d. Fertilization
e. Germination
f. Seed dormancy
g. Fertilization
64. Extra-credit: your protist handout.
65. Extra-credit: describe a lichen