Download 1 Properties of Matter

Lowell High School Scope & Sequence
Honors Biology
Learning Standard
4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to
maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a
physiological feedback loop.
1. The Chemistry of Life
Broad Concept: Chemical elements form organic
molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of
life.
1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed
primarily of very few elements. The six most
common are C, H, N, O, P, S.
1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and
primary functions of the four major categories of
organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids).
1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower
the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
Identify factors, such as pH and temperature,
which have an effect on enzymes.
2. Cell Biology
Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and
functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a
cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance,
and reproduction.
2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane,
nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm,
mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall,
chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium,
flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain
the role of cell membranes as a highly selective
barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion,
and active transport).
2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level,
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (general structures and
degrees of complexity).
2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell
number, and cell reproduction) and modes of
nutrition to describe six kingdoms
(Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia).
2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes
of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain
the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and
cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic
organisms.
2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in
metabolism.
2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis.
Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new
cells, and its importance in maintaining
chromosome number during asexual reproduction.
2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the
formation of haploid cells. Explain the importance
of this process in sexual reproduction, and how
gametes form diploid zygotes in the process of
fertilization.
2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in
terms of genetic material and reproduction.
493712599
Term 1
Textbook: Modern Biology (Owl)
Chapters/Objectives
Chapter 1 The Science of life
1-1.1 List 6 unifying themes of biology
1-1.2 Explain how organisms get the energy they need to survive
1-1.3 describe the main difference between the structure of a living thing and that of a nonliving
thing
1-2.1 List 6 characteristics of life
1-2.2 Describe how a living thing is organized
1-2.3 Explain why all living things on earth are not yet well understood
1-3.1 Define and give examples of observing, measuring, organizing, and analyzing data,
inferring and modeling
1-3.2 Explain the relationship between hypothesizing, predicting, and experimenting
1-3.3 Explain why good communication is so important in science
1-3.4 Describe the methods that scientists use in their work.
Chapter 2 Chemistry
2-1.1 Define element, atom, compound, and molecule
2-1.4 Contrast ionic and covalent bonds
2-2.3 Explain how enzymes affect chemical reactions in organisms
2-3.4 Describe the use of the pH scale
Chapter 3 Biochemistry
3-1.1 Describe the structure of the water molecule
3-1.2 Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances
3-2.1 Define organic compound and name three elements often found in organic compounds
3-3.1 Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide and discuss their significance to
organisms
49 Digestive System
49-1.1 List the four organic nutrients needed by the human body.
49-1.4 Summarize the functions that the six nutrients perform in the body.
Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the Cell
4-1.2 State the cell theory
4-1.5 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
4-2.2 Name the major organelles found in a eukaryotic cell, and describe their function
4-2.4 Describe three structures characteristic of plant cells
4-3.1 Distinguish between tissues, organs and organ systems
Chapter 5 Homeostasis and transport
5-1.2 Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.
5-2.1 Distinguish between passive transport and active transport
5-2.3 Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis
Chapter 6 Photosynthesis
6-1.2 Describe the role of chlorophylls and other pigments in photosynthesis
6-1.3 Summarize the main events of electron transport
6-1.5 Explain how ATP is synthesized during the light reactions
6-2.1 Summarize the main events of the Calvin cycle
6-2.4 Explain how environmental factors influence photosynthesis
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
7-1.1 Define cellular respiration
7-1.2 Describe the major events in glycolysis
7-2.1 Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle
7-2.3 Summarize the events of the electron transport chain
7-2.2 Relate aerobic respiration to the structure of the mitochondrion.
Chapter 8 Cell Division
8-1.3 Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
8-1.4 Give examples of diploid and haploid cells.
8-2.1 Describe the structure of a chromosome.
8-2.2 Describe each phase of the cell cycle.
8-2.3 Summarize the phases f mitosis.
8-3.1 List and describe the phases of meiosis.
8-3.2 Compare the end products of mitosis with those of meiosis.
8-3.3 Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals.
8-3.4 Summarize the major characteristics of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
6/29/2017
Lowell High School Scope & Sequence
Honors Biology
Learning Standard
3 Genetics
3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix,
sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by
complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and
describe its function in genetic inheritance.
3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and
how it relates to the transmission and conservation
of the genetic code. Explain the basic processes of
transcription and translation, and how they result
in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the
end products of replication, transcription, and
translation.
3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a
gene may or may not result in phenotypic change
in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes
may result in phenotypic changes in offspring.
3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns
caused by several types of genetic traits (dominant,
recessive, incomplete dominance, codominant,
sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles).
3.5 Describe how Mendel’s laws of segregation and
independent assortment can be observed through
patterns of inheritance (such as dihybrid crosses).
3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities
for genotype and phenotype combinations in
monohybrid crosses.
Term 2
Textbook: Modern Biology (Owl)
Chapters/Objectives
Chapter 9 Genetics
9-1.2 Distinguish between dominant and recessive traits.
9-1.3 State two laws of heredity that were developed from Mendel’s work.
9-2.2 Use a Punnett square to predict the results of monohybrid and dihybrid genetic crosses.
9-2.4 Differentiate a monohybrid cross from a dihybrid cross.
Chapter 10 DNA: Replication, Transcription, Translation
10-1.1 Explain the principal function of DNA.
10-1.2 Describe the structure of DNA.
10-1.3 Define the term Complementary base pairing.
10-1.4 Summarize the main features of DNA replication.
10-2.1 Explain the primary functions of RNA.
10-2.2 Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
10-2.3 Describe the structure and function of each type of RNA.
10-2.4 Summarize the process of transcription.
10-3.4 Summarize the process of translation.
Chapter 11 Gene Expression
11-1.1 Define the term gene expression.
11-2.4 List the key characteristics of cancer cells.
Chapter 12 Human Genetics
12-1.1 Explain the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination.
12-1.2 Describe how sex linkage affects the inheritance of traits.
12-2.1 Show how pedigree analysis can be used to illustrate the inheritance of traits.
12-2.2 Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Chapter 14 Origin of Life
5 Evolution and Biodiversity
5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence
from the fossil record, comparative anatomy,
genetics, molecular biology, and examples of
natural selection.
5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups
of organisms. Recognize that species are further
classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system
(kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species) based on morphological, behavioral, and
molecular similarities. Describe the role that
geographic isolation can play in speciation.
5.3 Explain how evolution through natural selection
can result in changes in biodiversity through the
increase or decrease of genetic diversity from a
population.
14-1.1 Define spontaneous generation and list some of the observations that led people to think
that life could arise from nonliving things.
14-3.5 Define endosymbiosis, and explain why it is important in the history of eukaryotes.
Chapter 15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory
15-1.1 Define fossil, and tell how the examination of fossils led to the development of
evolutionary theories.
15-2.1 Define evolution.
15-2.4 Explain Darwin’s two major theories.
15-3.1 Describe the difference between homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures.
Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations and Speciation
16-3.1 Explain the difference between the morphological concept of species and the biological
species concept.
16-3.2 define geographic isolation and explain how it can lead to speciation
Chapter 17 Human Evolution
17-1.2 List some traits shared by all primates.
17-1.4 Give examples of traits unique to humans.
17-2.1 Explain how the discovery of Lucy changed hypotheses about the evolution of
bipedalism.
17-3.1 Name two behavioral advances made by Homo species.
493712599
6/29/2017
Lowell High School Scope & Sequence
Honors Biology
Learning Standard
2. Cell Biology
2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell
number, and cell reproduction) and modes of
nutrition to describe six kingdoms
(Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia).
2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of
genetic material and reproduction.
6 Ecology
6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and
emigration influence population size.
6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity
(speciation and extinction) that result from the
following: natural causes, changes in climate,
human activity, and the introduction of invasive,
non-native species.
6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish
producers, consumers, and decomposers, and
explain the transfer of energy through trophic
levels. Describe how relationships among
organisms (predation, parasitism, competition,
commensalism, and mutualism) add to the
complexity of biological communities.
6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle
between abiotic resources and organic matter in
an ecosystem and how oxygen cycles through
photosynthesis and respiration.
Term 3
Textbook: Modern Biology (Owl)
Chapters/Objectives
Chapter 18 Classification
18-1.3 List Linnaeus’s levels of classification from the most general to the most specific.
18-1.4 Name the primary criterion that modern taxonomists consider when they classify an
organism.
18-2.1 Define phylogenetic tree, and explain what information a phylogenetic tree shows.
18-2.2 List four types of evidence used to organize organisms in systematic taxonomy.
18-2.4 Explain cladistics taxonomy, and identify one conclusion that is in conflict with classical,
systematic taxonomy.
18-3.1 Describe the six-kingdom system of classification.
18-3.5 Explain the principal difference between the six-kingdom system and the three-domain
system of classification.
24 Bacteria
24-1.1 Define bacteria, eubacteria, and archaebacteria, and note the relationships between them.
24-1.2 Describe the methods used to classify bacteria.
24-1.3 Name and describe three known types of archaebacteria.
24-2.1 Describe the structure of a bacterial cell.
24-2.2 Describe three ways that bacteria move.
24-2.3 Compare the heterotrophic modes of nutrition in bacteria with the autotrophic modes.
25 Viruses
25-1.1 Describe the structure and classification of viruses.
25-1.4 List the characteristics used to group viruses.
25-2.1 Describe a bacteriophage.
25-2.2 Summarize the five phases of the lytic cycle.
25-2.3 Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication.
19 Introduction to Ecology
19-1.1 Define the term ecology, and explain why ecology is important.
19-1.2 List and describe three human caused environmental problems.
19-1.3 Identify the five different levels of organization in ecology.
19-1.4 Explain the theme of interconnectedness.
19-1.5 Identify the importance of models to ecology.
19-2.1Contrast abiotic factors with biotic factors, and list two examples of each.
20 Populations
20-0.0 Explain how birth, death, immigration and emigration influence population size
20-1.1 Explain the differences between population size, density, and dispersion.
21 Community Ecology
21-1.1 Distinguish predation from parasitism.
21-1.4 Explain how competition can affect community structure.
21-1.5 Contrast mutualism with commensalism, and give one example of each type of
relationship.
22 Ecosystems and the Biosphere
22-1.1 Contrast producers with consumers.
22-1.2 Explain the important role of decomposers in an ecosystem.
22-1.3 Contrast a food web with a food chain.
22-1.4 Explain why ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic levels.
22-2.2 Trace the steps of the water cycle.
22-2.3 Summarize the major steps in the nitrogen cycle.
22-2.4 Describe the steps of the carbon cycle.
493712599
6/29/2017
Lowell High School Scope & Sequence
Honors Biology
Learning Standard
4 Anatomy and Physiology
4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from
food into smaller molecules that can be used by
cells for energy and for repair and growth.
4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries,
veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports
nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell
wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are
closely associated with the circulatory system as
they perform the excretory function of removing
waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys
remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes
many toxic compounds from blood.
4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord,
sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates
communication between different parts of the body
and the body’s interactions with the environment.
Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the
neuron, and explain generally how it works.
4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal,
smooth and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to
support and allow for movement. Recognize that
bones produce both red and white blood cells.
4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system
allows organisms to produce offspring that receive
half of their genetic information from their mother
and half from their father and that sexually
produced offspring resemble, but are not identical
to, either of their parents.
4.7 Recognize that communication between cells is
required for coordination of body functions. The
nerves communicate with electrochemical signals,
hormones circulate through the blood, and some
cells produce signals to communicate only with
nearby cells.
4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to
maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function
of a physiological feedback loop.
Term 4
Textbook: Modern Biology (Owl)
Chapters/Objectives
46 Skeletal Muscular System
46-1.1 List and describe the four types of tissues that make up the human body.
46-1.2 Explain how tissues, organs, and organ systems are organized.
46-2.2 Explain the function and structure of bones.
46-2.4 List three types of joints, and give an example of each.
46-3.1 Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissues.
46-3.2 Describe the structure of skeletal muscle fibers.
46-3.3 Explain how skeletal muscles contract.
46-3.4 Explain how muscles move bones.
47 Circulatory System & Respiratory System
47-1.1 Describe the structure and function of the human heart.
47-1.2 Trace the flow of blood through the heart and body.
47-1.3 Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of their structure and
function.
47-1.4 Distinguish between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
47-1.5 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system.
47-2.1 List the components of blood.
47-2.2 Distinguish between red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in terms of their
structure and function.
47-3.1 Trace the passage of air from the environment to the bloodstream.
47-3.2 Describe how gases are exchanged in the lungs.
47-3.3 Contrast the ways that oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the bloodstream.
49 Digestive System
49-2.1 List the major organs of the digestive system.
49-2.2 Distinguish between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
49-2.3 Relate the structure of each digestive organ to its function in mechanical digestion.
49-2.4 Identify the source of each major digestive enzyme, and describe the function of the
enzyme.
49-2.5 Summarize the process of absorption in both the small and large intestine.
49-3.1 Define the term excretion, and list the functions of each of the major excretory organs.
49-3.2 Identify the major parts of the kidney.
49-3.3 Relate the structure of a nephron to its function.
49-3.4 Explain how the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion help maintain
homeostasis.
50 Nervous System
50-1.1 Identify the two main organs of the central nervous system.
50-1.4 Describe the structure of the spinal cord.
50-1.5 Distinguish between sensory receptors, motor neurons, and interneurons.
50-2.1 Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and describe their function.
50-2.2 Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
50-2.3 Distinguish between the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.
50-3.1 Describe the structure of a neuron.
51 Endocrine System
51-3.0 Describe how hormones work with the feedback system to maintain homeostasis
493712599
6/29/2017