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Archaic
Classical
and
Hellenistic Greece
Eras in Development of Greek Civilization
• Minoan Civilization•
2000-1400BC flourished on Island of Crete.Great trading power..
•
invaded Greece from the north. They built on the achievements of the Minoans.
• Myceneans (Achaeans)- 2000 BC I
• Around 1250 BC they banded together under the leadership of the king of Mycenae to attack
troy, a rival power. Troy controlled trading routes between the Aegean and Black seas. This
war is told in Homers Iliad and the Odyssey. Composed about 750 BC According to Iliad
Paris, a Trojan prince kidapped Helen wife of the King of Sparta. The Spartan King and his
brother Agamemnon, of Mycenae involved all of Greece in the effort to rescue Helen. After
ten years of war Troy destroyed and drove the Trojans into exile. Heinrich Schliemann
excavated a site in northwestern Asia Minor which is accepted as the ancient city of Troy.
Found nine cities had been built at different times on the same spot. charred wood and
destruction convinced him that this was the layer of Troy.
• Dorians came down from the north.
•
Settled further to the south on the Pelopennisus Peninsula. Conquered many of the
regions occupied by the Myceneans. The art of writing was lost during this time. This
period is called the “Dark Age”
• Age of the City States
•
•
Small city states or monarchies formed instead of a great empire. Golden Age of
Greece
Delian League - Persian and Peloponesian Wars create a new era of differing alliances
in the Aegean Sea. Trade provided wealth and some stability. Also known as Classical
Greece.
• Hellenistic Greece
•
Persian occupation after the conquest of Greece by the Macedonian, Alexander the
Great. Greek civilization spread throughout the world but mixed with other
civilizations and changed.
• Roman - Greco Civilization
Minoan Civilization
Palace at Knossos on Island of Crete
Minoan Civilization
Fresco – bull leaping
Minoan
Civilization
The Mask
of
Agamemnon
Mycenean
The Mycenaean Civilization
Mycenaean Citadel reconstructed
Homer:
The “Heroic or Homeric
Age”
Dark Age
Bronze Age Greece
Geographic Influences
• Many islands in the Aegean Sea were close
together.
• This made trade and cultural exchange easier.
• Short mountain ranges divided the area around the
Agean Sea.
• They prevented the development of a sense of Greek
unity.
• The Greeks could not produce enough food for
their own needs.
• They had to become traders.
• The long coastline brought every part of the
mainland close to the sea.
• Greeks became fishermen, sailors and traders.
Greek City States
Hellos
Greece changes Geographically
Characteristics of all Greek city states
• Small Size
• Small population
• estimated total population of four hundred thousand
people in Athens, of which 160,000 people lived inside
the city while the remainder around the city
• An original polis (acropolis or high up place)
• A public meeting place called an agora
• This is how we identified whether or not it was a
“Greek” city state.
Factors that brought them together and Factors
that kept them apart
• Rugged Mountains
• Common Language, Religion,
and festivals
separating the valleys
• Rivalries between citystates
• Co-operative supervision of
certain temples
• separate legal systems
• Belief that the Greeks
were descended from the
same ancestors
• independent calendars,
money, weights and
measures
• Fierce spirit of
independence
Geographic and historical influences in the development of Greek city
states
 Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula, an
area that was good for growing grain but did not provide
the protection of an acropolis.
 The ruling class of citizens of Sparta was small in
numbers compared with the slaves, or helots.
 Due in part to a constant fear of outside invaders and of
inside slave revolts, the Spartan aristocracy empathized
military strength and uniformity.
 The government controlled all phases of life for both
citizens and slaves. (Totalitarian)
 By doing so, art, literature, philosophy, and science were
present only as they supported the military and only in a
practical nature. Military might, as shown by strength,
courage, endurance, and cleverness, along with devotion
to Sparta were the most important values.
 Individual freedoms were sacrificed.
Greek Philosophy
• Popular government - is the idea that
people could and should rule themselves
rather than be ruled by others.
• This is the foundation of Greek Democracy
but is not really a type of government.
• It is more of a philosophy
• Although Greek Gods involved in many
aspects of life, Greeks were of a more
secular nature as Greek gods were
humanlike or anthropomorphic.
Greek Systems of Government
 Monarchy- is a government by a royal family-in ancient
Greece a King. established a dynasty.
 Autocracy- (rule by one person who has total control over all
others)
 Aristocracy- (government ruled by the wealthy or upper
class) was comprised of the nobility, or landowning class
that ruled the city-state.

Oligarchy - absolute rule by a few
 Tyranny - (Tyrant) seized power, gaining popular support
by promising to defend the poor from the aristocracy.
 Democracy- the council of citizens helped form laws and
limited the power of rulers.
 Theocracy- government in which the clergy rules or in
which a “god” is the civil ruler.
Athenian Reformers & evolution of
political structures to democracy
Draco
Solon
Pisistratus
Cleisthenes
Evolution of the system to a democracy
 Draco
 Wrote harsh code of laws
 Solon
 Canceled debts of the poor
 Set up a court of appeals for citizens
 Stopped debt slavery
 CLEISTHENES
 Determined that all male citizens over age 20 could be
in the Assembly
 Set up the Council of 500
 PISISTRATUS
 Created a following among lower classes
 Exiled nobles who disagreed with his policies
Athenian Government
 In early times ruled by kings
 Later, the aristocracy, selected
representatives called archons
 Merchants later replaced some of
the nobility
 Finally, the four reformers
(tyrants) and we have Periclean
democracy
Institutions of Greek Government
• ordinary citizens made up almost all the governing bodies
of 5th century Athens
• Ekklesia
•
•
•
•
Assembly
passed laws and made policy decisions
met on the Hill of the Pnyx
all citizens were eligible to attend such meetings and speak up
• Boule
• Council of the 500
• charged with administering decisions made by the Ekklesia
• met in the Bouleterion in the Agora
• Prytaneis (by Pericles)
• Presidential Council
• subcommittee of the boule
• lived at state expense in the tholos, or "Round Building" in the
Agora.
Spartan social stratification
 Privileged rules class – spartiates
 About 10% of population
 Descendants of Dorian invaders
 Small landholders, tradesmen, artisans – perioeci
 Native prior to Dorian invasion
 Enjoyed rights of citizenship only in their own home
communities
 Between 10 – 15 % of population
 Attached to the soil and provide auxiliary military
service – helots
 Could become citizens and enter the perioeci class for
military bravery
 Slaves
Spartan Government
 First the Council of Old which
had to have approval of the
popular assembly of spartiates
over 30 years of age
 Later, 5 ephors ruled
Athenian social classes




Nobility
Merchants, Artisans
Peasant
Slaves
 Forced labor
 common Athenian practice to free their
slaves
 Metics – foreigners allowed to live in
Athens but could not become citizens
Citizen Rights (Athenian)
 access to courts
 no enslavement (but the very creation of
citizen class makes the distinction that
other people are slaves - that's what makes
citizenship a privilege)
 religious and cultural participation
 death penalty was rare
 becoming a citizen was nearly impossible
 citizen duties - taxes, military service
Characteristics of Greek Art
(mostly Athenian)
• Expressed ideals of
harmony, balance, order
and moderation.
• Glorified humans
• Combined beauty and
usefulness
• Symbolized pride of
people in their citystates
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
Golden Mean
•Nothing in excess,
everything in
moderation
Architecture
• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic
Architecture
• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic
Architecture
• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic
Red Figure Style
Black Figure Style
Practical but
beautiful
Hellenic to Hellenistic Era
 Greece has an archaic era
 Minoans
 Myceneans
 Dorians
 Age of the City-states
 Greek – Persian Wars bring them together
under Athenian rule to defeat the Persians
 Golden Age of Greece
 Hellenistic Era
 Greek values and way of life spread by
Alexander the Great
Formation of Greek hoplites
Greeks become teachers of me
• Great Philosophers (SPA)
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and
the Greeks teach the Romans
• Later the de Medici’s of Florence rediscover
the teachings and treasures of the Greeks and
use them to form modern Europe
ATHENS
Golden Age
Today
Persian Wars:499 BCE – 480 BCE
Persian Wars
• Marathon (490 BCE)
- 26 miles from Athens
• Thermopylae (480 BCE)
- 300 Spartans at the mountain pass
• Salamis (480 BCE)
- Athenian navy victorious
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Great Athenian Philosophers
• Socrates
- Know thyself!
- question everything
- only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness
• Plato
- The Academy
- the world of the FORMS
- The Republic  philosopher-king
• Aristotle
-
the Lyceum
“Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]
Logic
Scientific method.
Socrates (470BCE-399 BCE)
• He wrote nothing, but was a skilled
debater.
• He opposed the moral relativism and
skepticism of many of the sophists.
• He used the method of rational debate to
seek essential definitions of truth, beauty,
justice, goodness, and virtue.
• The oracle at Delphi pronounced him the
wisest of all.
• He was executed by his fellow Athenians
for impiety and for corrupting the young.
Plato
• The Allegory of the Cave
& The Republic
• There is a higher world of
eternal, unchanging Forms that has always existed.
• These Forms make up reality and only a trained mind
can understand them.
• What we see is but a reflection of that reality, a
shadow of the true Form.
• Government works best when divided into three groups.
• At the top are philosopher-kings who must rule with
wisdom and inspiration.
• Warriors encompass the second group, and the third
includes everyone else.
• Finally, men and women should have equal access to
positions.
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
• DRAMA (tragedians)
• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Euripides
• THE SCIENCES
• Pythagoras
• Democritus  all matter made up of
small atoms.
Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”
Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
The Parthenon
The Agora
SPARTA
Delian and Archeon Leagues
• 499 BCE beginning of Persian wars which
lasted throughout the 5th century
resulting in a unification of the Greek city
states under first Athenian hegemony
• The predominant influence, as of a state,
region, or group, over another or others.
• then under Sparta influence finally ending
with the defeat of both and Thebes
controlling before the ascension of
Macedonia throughout the Agean Sea
Peloponnesian Wars
Macedonia Under Philip II
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic City
Economy of the Hellenistic World
Alexander
• United an area of over 22 million square miles.
• He planned to merge the Macedonian and the
Persians into one ruling group in order to run his
empire more efficiently.
• Used Greeks, Macedonian, and Persians in his
administration in an attempt to unite East and West.
• Trained and used Persians in his army.
• Adopted some Persian dress and customs, married
Bactrian and Persian princesses, and required thousands
of his Macedonian and Greeks to wed Persian women.
• Proclaimed himself god-king in Egypt and in
Greece to unify his empire.
Legacy
• Established many new colonies and cities, 70 of them
named Alexandria in his honor.
• Brought scientists on expeditions who gathered data
about biology and geography.
• Made Greek the prevailing language of the Near East for
government, learning and commerce
• Setup a common system of currency for entire realm.
• Spread Greek culture from the polis to the whole known
world.
• Had Near Eastern families sending children to Athens to
be educated.
• Set the stage for the eventual rise of Rome by unifying
areas to the east.
• Allowed Greek culture to continue for 1000 years.
• Greece was already changing
• Greece was undergoing population pressures with rising standard of living.
• Greek culture had already been expanding.
• Many Greeks had already gone over into the Persian empire to serve as
soldiers, traders and doctors.
Phalanx
Hellenistic Philosophers
Stoics
Stoics, Epicureans, Cynics
 Zeno
 nature is the expansion of divine will.
 concept of natural law.
 get involved in politics, not for personal
gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the
good of all.
 true happiness is found in great
achievements.
Hellenistic Philosophers
 Cynics
Stoics, Epicureans, Cynics
 Diogenes
 ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
 citizens of the world live a humble, simple
life.
 Epicurians
 Epicurus
 avoid pain & seek pleasure all excess leads to
pain
 politics should be avoided.
Hellenism: Arts & Sciences
 Scientists / Mathematicians:
 Aristarchus
 heliocentric theory
 Euclid
 geometry
 Archimedes
 pulley
 Hellenistic Art:
- more realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.
- showed individual emotions, wrinkles and age
Division of Alexander’s Empire
Greeks came together at the Olympics
Roman - Greco World
• Greeks become teachers of Roman
children
• Greek Gods are foundations of Gods and
religion of Rome
• Virgil’s The Aneid based on Homer’s Illiad
& Odyssey