Download Evolution is a Threat to Modern Science

Biology – Creation vs. Evolution
Name: ___________________
14.1 Science and Faith
Rejecting the Truth
 Biblical truths
o The earth was created in a _____________ state
o Because of man’s fall into sin the world plunged into imperfection and
_____________
o Plants and animals all had to struggle to survive
o A great _____________ of animals can develop from the limited number of
animals on the ark
 In the ____________ people started to mix Biblical truths with false philosopies.
 This caused people to question the truth of scriptures.
 ________________ – A belief that states that the universe consists of __________
and ___________ and that there are no spiritual or supernatural aspects.
 Charles ____________ (1809-1882) A British naturalist that has been given credit
for the theory of macro _______________. He went to school to become a
_____________, but didn’t cut it. He then got his theology degree to become a
_____________. His real passion was nature and was a very good observer.
 Charles ____________ (1797-1875) Naturalist that wrote Principles of Geology and
popularized the theory of uniformitarianism, which is the belief that the present is
the _______ key to the past and all things continue by a natural process at the same
rates as they have always done. Darwin applied this idea to the variety of different
__________ and ___________ he saw.
 The Origin of ____________ – The book Darwin wrote from the observations that
he made on the voyage on the Beagle.
 _________________ ______________ – The idea that the ____________ and the
strongest of a species were more likely to survive and reproduce than the weaker
animals. “Survival of the _____________”
 Variety within kinds has definite boundaries. Natural selection acts to preserve
existing kinds not ____________ new kinds.
 Some people embraced Darwinism because they wanted to remove God from their
world. Science was doing wonderful things and some people would believe
anything that came from science.
 There were many scientists in Darwin’s day that ____________ what he wrote,
because it was based on _________________ and not on science.
Effects of Darwinism
 Much of our world has a _______________ (secular) view.
 Humans are no longer considered a ____________ creation of God
 ____________ and ______________ became relative.
 Some people wanted to improve the human species by selective breeding (eugenics)
 ____________________
 ________________ of life is no longer important
 Darwin’s Origin of Species was a battle of chance verses purpose.
14.2 Paleontology: Evidence against Evolution
 ____________ – The remains or impressions of plants, animals, and humans
preserved in ___________________ rock.
 Paleontology – The study of ________________.
 The fossil record, when viewed from a Biblical perspective, is actually one of the
most powerful evidences _______________ evolution.
 Transitional Forms (“Missing Links”) – Fossils that ____________ one kind of
organism with another kind by a series of tiny steps.
 The ________ of these transitional forms is great evidence against evolution.
 No true “missing links” have ever been found to bridge the ________ between
different kinds of organisms.
 Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis – Evolution happened in sudden ___________
followed by a long period of no noticeable change.
 ____________________ – Drastic genetic restructuring that changes one creature
into another.
 ______________ Column – The belief that the “primitive” organisms are ________
in the earth’s crust and the more “modern” organisms are nearer to the surface.
 There is not a single place on _________ that you can see the Geologic Column.
 The Geologic Column is based on assumptions made from evolution.
 ______________ Reasoning – An argument that is based on the very assumption
that it attempts to prove.
 ____________ are aged by the rock layers, and rock layers are aged by the fossils
that are in them.
 ____________ Fossil – A specific fossil that are considered specific to a certain
time period.
 Radiometric ____________ – Decay of radioactive elements is relatively
_____________, so to find out how many radioactive elements are in the organism
ages that organism.
 The age of the object that has the radioactive element in it cannot be dated unless
you know the ____________ and _____________ amount of that element.
 Cambrian Explosion – The ____________ amounts of living things that have a great
____________ in Cambrian rocks.
“Missing Links”
 ______________ extinct animals have often been passed off as “transitional forms.”
 Coelacanth – An unusual __-foot-long fish. The _____ are attached to the body by
thick fleshy lobes. Thought to be an ancestor of the first _____________. When a
live coelacanth was caught in the Indian Ocean, in very deep water, this theory was
no longer valid.
 Archaeopteryx – A fossil bird that is often presented as a link between
____________ and ________. Has the “modern” flight feather and hollow bones.
However it also had a small breastbone, teeth, elongated tail, and claws on its wings.
 ____________ Series – The extinct animals that were thought to be ancestors of the
horse have varying amounts of ____. Also the fossils that make up the series were
found all ________ the world.
Hominid Fossils
 Most important difference between humans and apes is that _______ is created in
the image of _______ (Gen 1:27)
 ________________ (Piltdown Man) – _______________ bones of a humanlike
skull and an apelike ______ found between 1908 and 1911. This was a hoax of
someone who _____________ with some bones and left them to be easily found.
 ___________________________ (Nebraska Man) – A man reconstructed from a
____________ _________ in Nebraska found in 1922. The tooth was found out to
have come from an ___________ ______.
 ___________________ (Rama’s Ape) – A medium sized ape that was reconstructed
from a _____ __________, a heavy jawbone, and fragments of facial bones. The
bones were assembled ________________ to show that it looked like a human. No
______ or ______ bones were found.
 ______________________ (Southern Ape) – A skull found that was later found to
be ____________. In the early 1970s it was dismissed as an __________ _____.
 Astralopithecus afarensis (________) – Had _________ toes that were used for
grasping and a ___________________ like skull.
 Homo habilis (_________ Man) – Actually a mixture of ______ and __________
fossils found at ________________ locations.
 Homo ____________ (Upright Man/Java Man) – Skull cap and femur found ____
feet apart. A ___________ skull was found in the same rock layer. Other fossils
classified as Homo erectus are found in Africa and Asia, and are _________ human.
 Sinanthropus pekinenses (___________ Man) – Fossils lost in WWII, but were very
similar to Homo ___________.
 Homo neannderthalensis (_________________ man) – Fossils that had
“____________” features that were found in Western Europe. They were fully
______________ and were actually bigger and stronger than ___________ humans.
 __________________ Man – Discovered in France in 1868. Evolutionists now
admit that they were ________________ to modern humans.
 There is controversy in the evolutionary community about the different
_____________ of humans. However, from a Biblical perspective, ______ has
always been ________, and all of the “missing links” are fully _______ or fully
____________.
14.3 Biology: Evidence against Evolution
Impossibility of Transitional Forms
 According to the theory of evolution, structures had to develop _______ step at a
time and ___________ fully functional at each step.
 Evolution states that ______ evolved from shrew like rodents. As the bat’s fingers
are getting longer and ________ grows between them, it makes them useless to run,
walk, hold food, or fly. This is not an ______________ at all.
 Evolution states that ________________ evolved into reptiles. The egg of an
amphibian is made of a jelly substance, has the yolk attached to the embryo, and is
in land. The reptile egg has a shell, a yolk separate from the embryo, and is on land.
The organism would have to develop these characteristics _________________ to
survive.
 Evolution states that _____________ evolved into birds. For this to happen air sacs
would have to be created in the body cavity, ____________ would have to be
redesigned, and the attachment of the lungs to the chest wall would have to be
changed. All of this would have to happen simultaneously for the creature to
survive.
Comparative Anatomy – The study of ___________ and differences in the body structure
of ___________________.
 Georges Cuvier came up with this science and believed it showed the bodies of ____
and ______________ have certain basic similarities in their overall designs.
 ____________________ use comparative anatomy to say that one organism evolved
from another because they are __________.
 There are some parts of organisms that are very similar but are not evolutionarily
close.
Molecular Biology – The science which seeks to discover how the _________________ of
a living _________ work
 The recent explosion of information of cellular components and activities have
caused problems for the theory of evolution.
 In Darwin’s day the understanding of cells was very simple. They thought that each
cell was filled with _______________ that had a “vital force,” which mysteriously
powered the cell.
 It is now obvious that these intricately designed mechanisms could not have been
constructed by ______________.
Genetics
 Very _________ about heredity and genetics was known in the time of Darwin. He
knew that parents passed on __________ to their offspring, but he did not know
_____. In his ignorance he thought that there was not limit to the _______________
of traits.
 Variety within kinds generally results from ______________ genetic variety.
 It was then thought that ______________ would cause a change of genetic variety.
 However, mutations cause genetic information to be _______, not __________.
Natural Selection and Genetic Variety
 Natural selection does not produce _____ characteristics, it just reveals
________________ characteristics.
 Examples:
 _____________ on the Galapagos Islands
 The ______________ Moth
 Insects that are resistant to ___________
 Bacteria that are resistant to _______________.
 Bacteria DNA is almost ___________ to that of the bacteria
fossilized in amber.
 New life forms were not created, there was just a shift in population.
Embryonic Recapitulation – An unborn baby goes through various stages of development
that ____________ other animals
 Ernst Haeckel deliberately ____________ the pictures he published of certain
embryos. The findings were published in _________. They were found to be false
___ years later. THEY STILL APPEAR IN TEXTBOOKS TODAY.
14.4 Evolution is Not Science
 Evolutionists ________ that evolution is based on assumptions.
1. Nonliving things gave rise to __________ material; that is, _________________
generation occurred.
2. ________________ generation occurred ________ once.
3. Viruses, bacteria, plants, and animals are all ________________.
4. The ______________ [one-celled animals] gave rise to _______________
[multicellular animals] .
5. The various invertebrate phyla are interrelated.
6. The __________________ gave rise to _______________________.
7. Within the vertebrates the ________ gave rise to the amphibia, the amphibia to
the reptiles, the reptiles to the birds and mammals…
 These seven assumptions are ______ able to be verified by experiment. Any
evidence is ____________ and ____________________.
What Makes Science?
 _______________ ________________ – Coming up with general principals to
explain what happens in the universe.
 ________________ – Looking very close at the universe to gain knowledge from it.
 ___________________ – Testing of a theoretical speculation in a ______________
systematic way.
 Testing is needed to __________ theories. If testing fails to confirm the theory, the
theory must be ____________ or _____________. Testing ensures that over the
long run scientific theories that contain __________ will be eliminated.
 ____________ observation – Being able to observe using your senses.
 ______________ observation – Using scientific tools to make an observation.
 A scientific observation must be both _________________ and free from bias.
 A variety of experiments have been attempted to try to show evolution is possible.
 A few examples:
o Synthesis of _________ acids
o Synthesis of ___________, nucleotides, and other simple molecules
o _____________ of amino acids
o Synthesizing ___________
 Evolution is not ____________ or able to be ______________ by experiment.
Evolution is a Threat to Modern Science
 Scientific integrity is declining. Because scientists present evolution ____________
proof, other scientists are putting forth “___________” without proof to back them
up.
 Gaia hypothesis – A hypothesis that states that the ____________ and the living
things that are on it make one living thing.
 Read the scientific evidence for the 7 assumptions.
 Evolution has to be accepted by ________ just like creation. We have no human
______________ to tell us what happened.
Chapter 14 Questions
14.1 Questions
1. Why was Darwin’s Origin not really a scientific document?
2. What are some factors which prevent natural selection from creating new kinds?
3. Give some of the reasons why many well-known 19th century scientists rejected
Darwin’s hypothesis of evolution
4. What were/are some of the effects of the naturalistic worldview upon science?
Define: The Descent of Man, eugenics, materialism, naturalism, natural selection, On the
Origin of Species, uniformitarianimism
14.2 Questions
1. Why does a lack of transitional forms pose a problem for the evolutionary hypothesis?
2. How can it be said that the geologic column is based upon circular reasoning? Why
can radiometric dating also be said to involve circular reasoning?
3. What details suggest that the well-known “horse series” is not a series at all?
4. What are some of the differences between man and ape? Which is the most important?
Define: fossils, geologic column, paleontology, punctuated equilibrium hypothesis,
radiometric dating, transitional forms
14.3 Questions
1. How does comparative anatomy furnish evidence of a single Creator?
2. How was Darwin’s view of living cells oversimplified?
3. What discoveries by Gregor Mendel and later geneticists contradicted Darwin’s ideas
of gradual, unlimited change?
4. Why do mutation tend to be harmful instead of helpful?
5. How do natural selection and inbreeding help to reveal latent variety within animal and
plant kinds?
6. Why is the hypothesis of embryonic recapitulation faulty?
7. Explain how the peppered moth, pesticide-resistant insects, and antibiotic-resistant
bacteria demonstrate natural selection in action. Why do these examples not
demonstrate evolution?
Define: comparative anatomy, embryonic recapitulation, inbreeding
14.4 Questions
1. Contrast the prediction of the creation and evolution hypothesis with their
correspondence to reality.
2. How have some suggested that the success of Darwinism contributed to the decline of
scientific integrity?
3. Explain why ultimately, acceptance of either creation or evolution is based on faith and
one’s presumptions.
4. Why is the evolutionary hypothesis now experimentally verifiable?