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Appendicular Skeleton made up of the ______________ and their _______________ _________ appendicular skeleton: o ___________ bones o Pectoral girdle + upper limbs ______________appendicular skeleton: o Pelvic girdle + lower limbs o _________ bones Upper appendicular Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles) Attaches upper limbs to the body trunk consists of ______________and _____________________ ____________________ points for ___________ that move the upper limbs o allows for maximum movement o Not as _________________ as pelvic girdle Clavicles (Collarbones) ______________ bones Function: o Provide attachment points for numerous muscles o act as ____________ to hold the scapulae and ____________ out laterally ____________ from the ______________ Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) _______________ bones ____________ cavity - socket of the ______________ joint is shallow (humerus articulates) Scapulae have three __________ and three ____________: Boarders Angles -____________ boarder -____________ boarder -_____________ boarder -_____________ angle -_____________ angle -_____________ angel The Upper Limb The upper limb consists of the o arm (brachium)= __________________ o forearm (antebrachium)= ___________ & ______________ o hand (manus)= _____________, _____________ & _________________ _________ bones form _____________ upper limb Interosseous Membrane _____________________ membrane= “between bones” A ___________________ that connects the two forearm bones along their entire length o Ligament: Band of regular _________________ tissue that connects bones to each other Bones of the Forearm Ulna The _______________ bone in the forearm slightly ________________ than the radius Elbow= _________________ process of ulna o Forms joint with the humerus “funny bone”= the ___________________ which runs across top of olecranon Radius Lies________________ to ulna ______________ around when turn palms down (_______________) Carpus (Wrist) Consists of__________ bones Proximal row (lateral to medial): o ________________ (‘boat-shaped’) o ______________ (‘moonlike’) o _______________ (‘triangular’) o _______________ (‘pea-shaped) distally are the: o _____________ (‘little table’); o ______________ (‘4-sided’) o _____________ (‘head-shaped’); o _____________ (‘hooked’) Metacarpals Form ______________ numbered (________) starting at thumb (pollex) “____________” articulate with phalanges At base articulate with the carpals Phalanges (Fingers) miniature ____________ bones Each hand contains _________ Fingers are numbered 1-5 finger= 3 phalanges – o _____________, _________, and ____________ o Exception: thumb has _______ middle phalanx Lower appendicular Pelvic Girdle (Hip) Hip= a pair of bones os coxae, or ____________ Fused anteriorly=________ symphysis Pelvic girdle is much __________________ but less mobile than pectoral girdle Bony pelvis= coxal, sacrum &coccyx Pelvis Function: o ___________ lower limbs to axial skeleton o ____________ weight upper body to lower limbs o _____________ the visceral organs of the pelvis (i.e. sm. Intestine) Central opening= _______________ foramen ________________ socket - a deep cup that holds the head of the femur o Bodies strongest ligaments make stable, but limit movement Made up of 3 fused bones: ______________, ____________, ____________ o Ilium: Large flaring bone; forms the superior hip __________: superior winglike portion o Ischium: Forms posteroinferior part of the hip Sit on o Pubic: Forms ______________ (inferior) portion of the hip True and False Pelves Bony pelvis is divided into 2 parts: _________ and __________ o separated by the pelvic ______________, a continuous oval ridge False (greater) pelvis – ________________ to the pelvic brim o bounded by alae of the iliac bones True (lesser) pelvis - _______________ to pelvic brim - forms a bowl containing the pelvic _____________ Due to childbirth, male & female pelves differ Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure Characteristic Female Male General Variations Tilted______________ Less tilted forward True Pelvic Cavity Shallower & __________ (adapted for childbearing) Deeper & _______________ Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and _______________ Heavier, ________, and more prominent markings Pubic __________ 80˚–90˚ 50˚–60˚ Acetabula Small; ___________ apart ___________; closer together Sacrum Wider, shorter; ____________ is accentuated _______, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More _________; straighter Less movable; ___________ ventrally Pelvic Inlet Wider, __________ from side to side Narrow, _______________shaped The Lower Limb 3 segments: o Thigh= ______________ o Leg= ____________ (medial) & _____________ (lateral) o foot= tarsals (ankle), metatarsal (top/bottom of foot) & phalangies (toes) Carries the _________________ of the erect body Are subjected to exceptional forces from __________________ or _______________ Femur: o largest & _________________ bone in body Tibia: o ______________ bodies weight between femur and foot o Interosseous membrane connects to fibula o Lateral & medial _________________ form bony projections on side of “ankle” Foot: o _____________ body weight o Acts as a lever to propel the body forward in _____________ and _______________ TarsusAnkle bones Composed of _____________ bones: o ____________________, _______________, ______________,________________ and the medial, intermediate, and lateral ___________________ Body weight is carried primarily on the ______________ and _________________ Calcaneus= _____________ of the foot o calcaneal tendon= ________________ Metatarsus and Phalanges Metatarsals numbered _______________ Enlarged ____________ of metatarsal 1 forms the “______________ of the foot” Phalanges= ________________bones of the toes o Each digit has ___________ phalanges except the _____________ (big toe) Arches of the Foot Allow the foot to hold up weight _____________ arches maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments o ___________ longitudinal – ______________ is keystone of this arch o ____________ longitudinal – ______________ is keystone o ____________ – runs ____________ from one side of the foot to the other