Download Chapter 13: Protists, Fungi, and Plants Consolidate Your

Chapter 13: Protists, Fungi, and Plants
Consolidate Your Understanding, p. 447
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Chapter 13 Review, p. 448
1. b);
2. d);
3. b);
4. c);
5. c)
6. Concept maps will vary. A possible concept map has been
provided below.
7.
Use of cilia
Back and forth motion of a series of short
fibres propelling the organism forward
Use of flagella
Rotational motion of one or more long
whiplike fibres like a corkscrew pulling the
organism forward
Use of pseudopodia
Movement of the organism in a direction
determined by the fluid formation of an
extension of the outer membrane and the inflow of protoplasm to that emerging
extension of the cell
8. See Figure 13.7 on student text page 423.
9. Euglenoids can function as heterotrophs using food vacuoles to digest nutrients and locomote through use of
one or more flagella (animal-like characteristics) or
function as autotrophs through use of chloroplasts
(plantlike characteristics).
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11. Slime moulds are classified as protists rather than fungi
because they usually inhabit aquatic or moist habitats
and exist as single-cells or in small clusters of cells.
12. The bodies of most fungi consist of threadlike filaments
called hyphae. As the hyphae grow, they branch, forming a tangled mass called a mycelium that is well
adapted to absorb nourishment from its food source.
13. Under less-favourable conditions, caselike Zygomycota
reproduce sexually by conjugation developing two
genetically different types of hyphae. The two types of
hyphae are represented as being "plus" and "minus" as
a way to identify them as being different. When plus and
minus hyphae make contact with each other in a conjugation process, their nuclei join together to produce a
zygospore. The zygospore remains dormant until the
growing conditions improve—at which time the
zygospores germinate and form a new mycelia] mass.
14. The reproductive structures of saclike fungi are spherical in shape, whereas the reproductive structures of club
fungi are more oblong.
15. The umbrella-like cap of each species of mushroom has
its own characteristic shape and is used as the basis of
its classification. The cap contains many gills that radiate
out like spokes on a wheel. Each gill bears thousands of
clublike reproductive cells called basidia. One basidium
in turn contains several thousand spores. each of which
can be carried away by air currents to generate new
mycelia and mushrooms under ideal growing conditions.
16. Lichens are often called "pioneer organisms" because
they are symbiotic associations of a fungus with either
an alga or a cyanobacterium. In this partnership, the
alga provides nourishment to the fungus through photo-
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synthesis. The fungus provides the alga with water,
essential minerals, and protection from dryness in its
barren and often rocky habitat.
Plants are mostly land-dwelling, photosynthesize as
autotrophs using chloroplasts. and develop from
embryos protected by tissues of the parent organism.
Fungi are heterotrophs lacking chloroplasts and function as decomposers.
The bryophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves,
and they do not have specialized tissues to transport
materials throughout the plant body. They usually grow
in dense mats in moist habitats and are only a few centimetres tall. Most bryophytes live on the soil but some
grow on bare rock, dead trees, and even on buildings.
Tracheophytes are a diverse group of plants that include
most modern-day plants. They first appeared on Earth
about 400 million years ago and were well adapted to life
on land due to the presence of conducting tissues called
xylem and phloem, which transport materials throughout
the plant. Because of this feature, they are known as the
vascular plants. The vascular plants are divided into two
groups: the spore-dispersing plants and the seed plants.
In fleshy fruits, the ovary wall thickens into a soft pulp
that has a high sugar content. Not all fruits are fleshy.
Dry fruits, including nuts, such as almonds and cashews,
are often 'mistaken for seeds. While seeds mature within
the ovary, the ovary walls themselves become modified
to form the fruit. Fruits that develop from a single ovary
in a single flower are called simple fruits. Tomatoes,
plums, and pears are examples of simple fruits. Fruits
that develop from many ovaries in a single flower are
called aggregate fruits. Raspberries are an example.
Pineapples are an example of multiple fruits that
develop from single ovaries of each flower in a cluster.
By preventing insect pests from undergoing metamorphosis to the adult stage, researchers are able to minimize the opportunities of these pests from feeding on
plant tissues, thus giving them a better chance to flourish.
Protists, fungi, and plants are all examples of eukaryotic
organisms.
One type of spore, called an endospore, is formed asexually when a bacterium produces a thick wall that surrounds its DNA and cytoplasm. The endospore can
remain dormant for months until favourable growth
conditions return. Fungi reproduce both asexually and
sexually by means of spores. The several thousand
species are grouped into phyla, based on their pattern of
sexual reproduction.
Under normal circumstances, malaria is transmitted by
female Anopheles mosquitoes, which. transmit
Plasmodium to humans. Plasmodium enters the human
circulatory system when an infected mosquito bites a
human in search of blood. The parasites enter the blood
and find their way to the liver, change their form, multiply, and re-enter the blood stream, attacking other blood
cells along the way. Blood transfusions have the effect of
playing the role of infected mosquitoes, and thus can
serve to transmit the disease from one person to another.
Type of Fruit
Examples
Description
legume
pea, bean
It develops from a single pistil in a
flower. The stem of the fruit develops
from the peduncle, or upper stalk,
of the flower. The swollen
receptacle can be seen below the
sepals that surround the base of
the pod. Seamlike joints, called
sutures, run the length of the pod.
The sides of the pod are called
valves.
achene
sunflower,
buttercup,
dandelion
It contains a single seed and has a
dry, hard outer coat.
grain
corn, wheat,
rye, oats
samara
maple, elm
nut
acorn, walnut
cashew,
chestnut
It contains one seed and has a
tough, crusty coat.
pome
apple, pear
The receptacle develops into
the fleshy part of the fruit as it
grows and surrounds the ovary.
The ovary develops into the inner
core, which is the true fruit.
drupe
peach, cherry
It is known as a "stone" fruit. All
parts of the fruit form only from
the ovary. The skin and fleshy
layer are the two outer layers of
the ovary wall. The hard part of
the "stone" is the inner layer of
the ovary wall.
berry
grape, tomato,
blueberry
It is a fleshy, enlarged ovary. The
seeds are embedded
The ovary wall is completely
joined to the seed coat.
This fruit has a predominant
wing, which is an outgrowth of
the ovary wall.
in the flesh. A thin skin
covers the fruit.
pepo
cucumber,
squash, melon,
pumpkin
It is a type of berry that has a
firm rind. The rind does not
separate from the flesh.
hesperidium
orange, lemon,
grapefruit
It is a type of berry that has a
leathery rind. The rind
is formed from the ovary wall
and contains oil glands.
aggregate
strawberry,
raspberry
An aggregate fruit develops
from a single flower that has
many separate pistils. The pistils
develop into a number of small
fruits that mature together on
a common receptacle.
multiple
pineapple, fig
A multiple fruit forms from the
ovaries of many flowers closely
clustered on a central stalk.
26. Mould spores can be found in damp, moist locations in
a house where there is poor ventilation, such as in a
washroom or kitchen cupboard under a sink.
Experiment designs will vary.
27.
la
Specimen is green in colour...
Go to 2
lb
Is a colour other than green...
Go to 3
2a
Specimen is single celled
Protist
2b
Is multicellular...
Plant
3a
Specimen is single-cellular or
colonial...
Protist
alike in their chemical properties and the way they attack
bacteria. Some antibiotics, such as penicillin, prevent
the formation of cell walls in
reproducing bacteria.
35. Some of the protective measures include the Canadian
Endangered Species Act, municipal regulations limiting
urban sprawl, and provincial policies regulating the
forestry industry.
3b
Is multicellular...
Fungus
36. Answers will vary; they can be assessed using Generic
Rubric 5: Analyzing an Issue.
28. Reproducing sexually from time to time has the effect of
revitalizing an organism by reconfiguring its genetic
make-up, enabling it to adapt to a changing environment. If an organism can only reproduce asexually, over
a period of time it may lose some of its vitality due to its
inability to alter its genetic make-up and adapt to changing conditions.
29. Plant specimens with mycorrhizae have the effect of
growing taller than those without mycorrhizae. The suggested reason is that the presence of mycorrhizae
enables the trees to better resist droughts and temperature extremes due to the assisted absorption of moisture
and minerals into the plant roots by the mycorrhizae.
30. Many long-standing residents in tropical countries
that regularly have a high incidence of malaria
develop acquired immunity to the disease. Often, this
immunity is weakened after many years of absence
from their tropical homeland. These individuals are
placed at greater risk upon re-entry back to their
homeland due to this reduced immunity.
31. Water from lakes may contain a variety of pathogenic
protists, such as Entamoeba, which causes dysentery.
32. Algae are photosynthesizing organisms that produce
organic molecules from sunlight. This accumulating
matter can release large amounts of energy when
"burned" in diesel engines.
33. Dinoflagellates such as Gonyaulax polyhedron grow
rapidly in oceans when nutrients in the water or temperatures rise. Such a rapid increase in population of
the protist is called a bloom or "red tide," due to the pigment in the algae that turns the water red in colour.
34.
The ability of Penicillium mould to kill off bacteria competing with it for food and habitat gives the Penicillium
mould a competitive advantage over the bacteria for
survival. In 1928, Scottish bacteriologist Sir Alexander
Fleming made history when he also observed
Penicillium growing on a Petri dish with a culture of
Staphylococci bacteria. Surprisingly, he discovered that the
bacteria only grew in places on the dish other than where
the green mould was found. In other words, there was
something about the Penicillium mould that prevented the
growth of the Staphylococcus bacterium. Over the next
few years, Fleming experimented with Penicillium and
eventually isolated a chemical substance produced by the fungus
that inhibited the growth of the bacteria. This chemical
became known as penicillin and was the first antibiotic to
come into use by medical practice to fight infectious
diseases caused by bacteria. An antibiotic is a substance
produced by a fungus or other micro-organism that
inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are not all