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Emphysema PATIENT NAME ______________________________________ SOC _______ INITIAL Anatomy and physiology of the lung. ______ ______ A. The lungs are two saclike organs located in the chest cavity. ______ ______ B. The main function of the lungs is to supply oxygen to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood. ______ ______ C. The airways are similar to an upside down tree with the trachea or windpipe being the main trunk, dividing into smaller branches. ______ ______ D. At the end of the small branches are small air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place. Define emphysema. ______ ______ A. It is a chronic, irreversible lung disease caused by recurrent inflammation resulting in the destruction of lung tissue. ______ ______ B. There is an enlargement, loss of elasticity, and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased air exchange. ______ ______ C. Bronchioles may collapse on expiration causing air trapping, which makes expiration more difficult. Factors that increase risk of emphysema. ______ ______ A. Recurrent respiratory infections. ______ ______ B. Continual exposure to harmful irritants: ______ ______ 1. Occupational hazards. ______ ______ 2. Air pollution. ______ ______ 3. Cigarette smoking. ______ ______ C. Heredity. ______ ______ D. Allergies. ______ ______ E. Advanced age. Signs and symptoms of emphysema. ______ ______ A. Shortness of breath. ______ ______ B. Barrel chest. ______ ______ C. Cough. ______ ______ D. Wheezing. ______ ______ E. Loss of appetite and weight loss. ______ ______ F. Weakness. Measures to manage emphysema. ______ ______ A. Avoid irritants such as smoking, pollution, aerosol sprays, cold air, strong wind, etc. ______ ______ B. Avoid fatigue. (Give “Energy Conservation” teaching guide .) 1 Emphysema PATIENT NAME ______________________________________ SOC _______ ______ ______ C. Avoid excessive heat, which increases oxygen requirements and avoid excessive cold, which increases possibility of bronchospasm. ______ ______ D. Eat a well-balanced diet high in protein, fat, and calories. (Give “High Calorie Diet” teaching guide ______ ______ 1. Eat small, frequent meals. ______ ______ 2. Chew slowly. ______ ______ E. Perform measures to thin or remove secretions to maintain patent airways: ______ ______ 1. Drink 1 1/2-2 quarts fluids daily to thin secretions. ______ ______ 2. Use a humidifier to moisten air. ______ ______ 3. Use effective coughing methods. (Give “Effective Coughing” teaching guide [14.6].) ______ ______ 4. Take medications as prescribed. ______ ______ 5. Do chest percussion and postural drainage as ordered. ______ ______ F. Get regular exercise with adequate rest periods: ______ ______ 1. Obtain physician’s approval. ______ ______ 2. Stop exercise if any side effects occur. ______ ______ 3. Use warm-up and cool-down exercises. ______ ______ 4. Gradually increase exercise. ______ ______ G. Use oxygen as ordered. (Refer to “Oxygen Therapy” teaching guide [8.8].) ______ ______ H. Report any symptoms of respiratory infections, i.e, fever, change in amount or color of sputum, increased shortness of breath, etc. ______ ______ I. Use stress management techniques. ______ ______ J. Perform deep breathing exercises using blow bottles, incentive spirometry, etc. as ordered. ______ ______ K. Use purse lip breathing and abdominal breathing. ______ ______ L. Obtain vaccine for flu and pneumonia. ______ ______ M. Keep follow-up appointments with physician. ______ ______ N. Wear Medic Alert bracelet. Possible complications. ______ ______ A. Respiratory infection. ______ ______ B. Peptic ulcer disease. ______ ______ C. Right-sided heart failure. ______ ______ D. Hypoxia (lack of oxygen). 2