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Emphysema
PATIENT NAME ______________________________________ SOC _______
INITIAL
Anatomy and physiology of the lung.
______ ______ A. The lungs are two saclike organs located in the chest cavity.
______ ______ B. The main function of the lungs is to supply oxygen to the blood and to
remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
______ ______ C. The airways are similar to an upside down tree with the trachea or
windpipe being the main trunk, dividing into smaller branches.
______ ______ D. At the end of the small branches are small air sacs called alveoli
where gas exchange takes place.
Define emphysema.
______ ______ A. It is a chronic, irreversible lung disease caused by recurrent
inflammation resulting in the destruction of lung tissue.
______ ______ B. There is an enlargement, loss of elasticity, and destruction of the
alveoli, resulting in decreased air exchange.
______ ______ C. Bronchioles may collapse on expiration causing air trapping, which
makes expiration more difficult.
Factors that increase risk of emphysema.
______ ______ A. Recurrent respiratory infections.
______ ______ B. Continual exposure to harmful irritants:
______ ______ 1. Occupational hazards.
______ ______ 2. Air pollution.
______ ______ 3. Cigarette smoking.
______ ______ C. Heredity.
______ ______ D. Allergies.
______ ______ E. Advanced age.
Signs and symptoms of emphysema.
______ ______ A. Shortness of breath.
______ ______ B. Barrel chest.
______ ______ C. Cough.
______ ______ D. Wheezing.
______ ______ E. Loss of appetite and weight loss.
______ ______ F. Weakness.
Measures to manage emphysema.
______ ______ A. Avoid irritants such as smoking, pollution, aerosol sprays, cold air,
strong wind, etc.
______ ______ B. Avoid fatigue. (Give “Energy Conservation” teaching guide .)
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Emphysema
PATIENT NAME ______________________________________ SOC _______
______ ______ C. Avoid excessive heat, which increases oxygen requirements and
avoid excessive cold, which increases possibility of bronchospasm.
______ ______ D. Eat a well-balanced diet high in protein, fat, and calories. (Give “High
Calorie Diet” teaching guide
______ ______ 1. Eat small, frequent meals.
______ ______ 2. Chew slowly.
______ ______ E. Perform measures to thin or remove secretions to maintain patent
airways:
______ ______ 1. Drink 1 1/2-2 quarts fluids daily to thin secretions.
______ ______ 2. Use a humidifier to moisten air.
______ ______ 3. Use effective coughing methods. (Give “Effective Coughing” teaching
guide [14.6].)
______ ______ 4. Take medications as prescribed.
______ ______ 5. Do chest percussion and postural drainage as ordered.
______ ______ F. Get regular exercise with adequate rest periods:
______ ______ 1. Obtain physician’s approval.
______ ______ 2. Stop exercise if any side effects occur.
______ ______ 3. Use warm-up and cool-down exercises.
______ ______ 4. Gradually increase exercise.
______ ______ G. Use oxygen as ordered. (Refer to “Oxygen Therapy” teaching guide
[8.8].)
______ ______ H. Report any symptoms of respiratory infections, i.e, fever, change in
amount or color of sputum, increased shortness of breath, etc.
______ ______ I. Use stress management techniques.
______ ______ J. Perform deep breathing exercises using blow bottles, incentive
spirometry, etc. as ordered.
______ ______ K. Use purse lip breathing and abdominal breathing.
______ ______ L. Obtain vaccine for flu and pneumonia.
______ ______ M. Keep follow-up appointments with physician.
______ ______ N. Wear Medic Alert bracelet.
Possible complications.
______ ______ A. Respiratory infection.
______ ______ B. Peptic ulcer disease.
______ ______ C. Right-sided heart failure.
______ ______ D. Hypoxia (lack of oxygen).
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