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The
Renaissance
Era
Prelude to
the
Renaissance
Four Great
Disasters
• The Black Death
• Ottoman Turks take
Constantinople in 1453
• Church Problems
• Wars
The Black Death 1347
• 1/3 of Europe’s population died
• Decrease in the number of serfs and
workers increased wages, debased
currency due to inflation, and created a
new peasant class
• Made more land, jobs and products
available
• Sought labor saving ideas
• Changed attitudes
• Grim Reaper came into being
Ottoman Turks take
Constantinople in 1453
• Refugees moved to the
Roman Empire
–Great migration of Greek
scholars to the West
• Books, art and teachers
• Higher prices for trade
Church Problems
• Bureaucracy working to protect itself
rather then faith
• Trouble with kings
– Boniface VIII v. Edward (bequeathing property to
church and taxing church; eventual compromise
– Unum Sanctum (no salvation outside of Church
and everyone including king subject to pontiff) by
Boniface VIII
– Great Schism (2 popes elected, one in France
and one in Rome; Both popes had to raise more
money so they devised annates from Bishops and
indulgences
Church Problems
(continued)
• Dissidents
– William Langland – wrote about the hypocrisy
and extravagance of the Church. His followers
formed the Lollards
– John Wycliff – said Bible alone is the final
authority, not the Pope. Translated the Bible
into English
• Councilor Movement
– Quarrel over supremacy, councils v. Pope
– Councils met to force all appointed popes to resign,
and elected another
– Councils ended in 1449 unless called; Pope supreme,
but “who was true religious authority” –Pope, councils
or Bible?
Hundred Years’ War
1337-1453
– England and France fought over French land
– Effects of the War
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French had national pride
French developed strong loyalty to the king
French king could raise taxes to support army
By 1483, French king was an absolute monarch
English king was stronger
English Parliament stronger – gained privileges from kings who
needed money for wars
• New dynasty in England
• France and England no longer attached
• Peasants Revolted because of the long war
The Renaissance
• French for “rebirth”
• Intellectual and economic changes that occurred in
Europe from the 14th-16th centuries
• Europe emerged from the economic stagnation of
the Middle Ages and experienced a time of financial
growth
• An age in which artistic, social, scientific and
political thought in new directions.
• Rediscovery of the Greek and Roman tradition
helped artists reproduce visual images accurately.
• Marks the entry of civilization into “modern times”,
the period in which we live in today
Why Italy?
• Italy earlier than elsewhere lost its mediaeval
characteristics and assumed those of the
modern type.
• In Italy the break between the old and the
new civilization was not so complete as it
was in the other countries of Western
Europe.
– The Italians were closer in language and in blood to the old
Romans than were the other new-forming nations.
• the existence in the peninsula of so many
monuments of the civilization and the
grandeur of ancient Rome.
The Invention of
Printing
• The most important discovery during the
Renaissance
• The making of impressions by means of engraved
seals or blocks seems to be a device as old as
civilization. The Chinese have practiced this form of
printing from an early time.
• But printing from blocks was slow and costly. The
art was revolutionized by John Gutenberg (14001468)
• The oldest book known to have been printed from
movable letters was a Latin copy of the Bible issued
from the press of Gutenberg and Faust at Mainz
between the years 1454 and 1456.
• The art spread rapidly and before the close of the
fifteenth century presses were busy in every country
of Europe
Social Classes during
the Renaissance
• Nobles
– owned much of the land
– lived on large estates outside the city walls
– Behaved according to the rules of chivalry
• Merchants
– Newly rich from industry
– Sought to control wealthy by controlling government and marrying into
noble families
– Patrons of the arts
• Middle Class
– Shopkeepers and professionals
• Workers
– No job protection
– Dependent on employers
– Urban workers better off than peasants
Famous Renaissance Men
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Nicollo Machiavelli
Michelangelo
Dante
Raphael
Donatello
William Shakespeare
Leonardo Da Vinci
Petrarch
Cosimi de Medici
Renaissance Explorers
• Some men were drawn to the seas out of
curiosity to discover more about the world.
• Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
– Had the help of mathematicians, astronomers,
cartographers, and other navigators.
– Explored West Africa
– Led to trade for gold and ivory, and soon
slaves
– Later an all water route to Asia was found
The Spread of the
Renaissance
Rebirth attracted visitors from
all over Europe; and when
travelers returned home, they
brought ideas with them.
Effects of the
Renaissance
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Growth in the demand for books
Humanism emerges
Rebirth of classical studies
Restored the broken unity of history
Reformed education
Aided the development of Vernacular Literature
Called into Existence the Sciences of Archaeology
and Historical Criticism
• Gave an Impulse to Religious Reform
• Spread to other areas, especially the North
Effects of the
Renaissance
“The Renaissance effected in the
Christian West an intellectual
and moral revolution so
profound and so far-reaching in
its consequences that it may
well be likened to that produced
in the ancient world by the
incoming of Christianity.”
The Northern
Renaissance
• Recovered slowly from the Black Death
• Began in Flanders (present-day France,
Belgium, and the Netherlands)
• Renaissance in Spain, France, Germany
and England began in the 1500s
• Spread to the north buy Durer, who
traveled to Italy in 1494, studied the Italian
masters and used their methods
• Economy had to grow before people
flourished in the arts and learning.
Task 3: Italian v.
Northern
Italian
Renaissance
Northern
Renaissance
Subject
matter
Style
Classical mythology,
religious scenes.
Domestic interiors,
portraits, religious scenes
Symmetrical, balanced,
good sense of mass,
linear perspective.
Attention to surface
detail, naturalism.
Known for
Figures with mass and
volume, knowledge of
underlying anatomy.
Minute surface detail
Example
Michelangelo, Creation of Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini
Adam from the Sistine
Wedding Portrait.
Chapel ceiling.