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Genetics - Test A - Study Guide Sexual vs. Asexual 1. What is/are the difference(s) between sexual and asexual reproduction? 2. What does sexual reproduction help to create and maintain? How does this help a species if its environment changes for some reason? 3. Are the offspring from asexually reproducing organisms genetically similar or different from their parent? Is this a good or bad trait? Explain your answer. 4. What is alternation of generations? How does this process relate to sexual and asexual reproduction? 5. Fill in the following chart: FORM OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION DESCRIPTION BINARY FISSION BUDDING CLONING SPORE FORMATION VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION 6. Label each of the following as an advantage of sexual reproduction (S) or asexual reproduction (A): _____ Benefits isolated or simple organisms _____ Provides genetic diversity _____ Requires less energy _____ Rapid reproduction _____ Provides disease resistance _____ Increases adaptation Mitosis vs. Meiosis 7. What are the four (4) phases of mitosis (in order)? 8. What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes and chromatids? 9. In which phase of Mitosis are the chromatids pulled apart? Which phase of Meiosis? 10. In which phase of Mitosis does the nuclear membrane DISSAPPEAR and then REDEVELOP? In Meiosis? 11. Why is it important that DNA is replicated before division? During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA duplicated? 12. You are looking at a cell under the microscope. You notice that the chromosomes are lined up in pairs in the middle of the cell. This would tell you that the cell is in which phase of cell division? 13. How are mitosis and cancer related? 14. Why do humans need Mitosis? Why do humans need Meiosis? 15. What is the difference between n and 2n ? 16. What are homologous chromosomes? Which parent donates homologous chromosomes? 17. What do the terms diploid and haploid mean? 18. Why is crossing over important? When does it happen? 19. Why is meiosis important for the formation of gametes, or what would happen if meiosis didn’t occur in gametes? 20. What is a polar body? 21. The following phases are not in order. Match each description to the correct picture: _____ A. Stage of meiosis where crossing over occurs. _____ B. Metaphase I _____ C. Anaphase _____ D. Metaphase _____ E. Anaphase II _____ F. Telophase II _____ G. Prophase 22. Fill in the following chart representing THE CELL CYCLE: PHASE SKETCH SUMMARY MITOSIS MEIOSIS INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE CYTOKINESIS 23. Fill in the following chart: POINT OF COMPARISON HOW CHROMOSOMES ALIGN IN METAPHASE # OF CHROMOSOMES AT THE END OF THE PROCESS # OF DAUGHTER CELLS FORMED FROM ONE (1) PARENT CELL WHERE THE PROCESS TAKES PLACE (WHAT TYPE OF CELL?) # OF PHASES Genetics 24. “The Father of Genetics” = ________________________ 25. In your own words, explain his 3 principles/Laws: a. Independent Assortment b. Dominant & Recessive traits c. Segregation of factors 26. Humans have ____ (2n) chromosomes in each __________(somatic) cell. 27. Humans have ____ (1n) chromosomes in each _______________ (sex cell). 28. _______________ – different forms of the same gene (flower color) 29. ____________________ ______________ occurs when chromatids of homologous pairs become entangled. This happens during the phase called ___________________. (It is the Homologous pair that is pulled apart during Anaphase I) 30. __________________- when the traits/genes (alleles for the trait) are represented by letters (Tt, Aa, BB, dd) 31. Genotypic ratios are written in the following order: ______________ : ______________: ______________ 32. __________________– the physical appearance or what the offspring looks like. (Tall : short, curly hair : straight hair) Phenotype ratios are reported from the Dominant to the Recessive trait showing. The physical appearance of The physical appearance of Homozygous Dominant & Heterozygous : Homozygous Recessive 33. ________________________- both capital letters/dominant for genotype (TT , AA, BB) 34.________________________ - One letter is capital/dominant & one is small/recessive (Tt, Aa, Bb) 35. _________________________ – both letters are small/recessive (tt, aa, bb) 36. ______________________– diagram showing probability of traits Parental alleles – from the gametes (genotype) go on the outside of the box 37. ___________ (capital letter) trait will always show if present (covers any recessive traits) 38. _____________ (lower case letters) – trait is masked or covered by the dominant. Recessive traits only show up if homozygous recessive (lower case letters) 39. Solve the Punnett square below: T t T t 40. Complete the ratios below based on the Punnett square in #39. : : HD: He : hr Genotypic ratio : Phenotypic ratio show trait : don’t show trait 41. Baldness is also a sex-linked trait found on the X chromosome. To become bald, a person must have a recessive copy of the gene (b) on every X chromosome. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities of the offspring if a woman who has no history of baldness in her family (B) had a baby with a man who was bald. Genotype of one parent: _______ Genotype of other parent: ______ GENOTYPIC ratio = _________:_________:________ PHENOTYPIC ratio = _________:________ 42. A cross between a blue blahblah bird & a white blahblah bird produces offspring that are silver through incomplete dominance. The color of blahblah birds is determined by just two alleles. a) What are the genotypes of the parent blahblah birds in the original cross? b) What is/are the genotype(s) of the silver offspring? c) What would be the phenotypic ratios of offspring produced by two silver blahblah birds? 43. A cross between a black cat & a tan cat produces a tabby pattern (black & tan fur together). a) What pattern of inheritence does this illustrate? b) What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a tabby cat is crossed with a black cat?