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1 2 3 Summary Notes National 5 – Life on Earth- Energy in an Ecosystem Only about 10% of available energy is passed on to the next level of a food chain Energy is lost from a food chain through: movement heat undigested material (eventually decomposed) A pyramid of numbers shows the total number of organisms in each population in the food chain. Generally numbers decrease further up the pyramid but occasionally there can be an irregular shape 4 A pyramid of biomass shows the total mass of organisms in each population in the food chain. It is measured in g/m2 5 A pyramid of energy shows the total energy available from each population of the food chain over a given period of time. It is measured in Joules/m-2/year Interspecific competition occurs between organisms of different species when competing for similar resources Intraspecific competition occurs between organisms of the same species when they compete for the same resources Nitrogen is an essential element in manufacturing protein plants and animals 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nitrates can be added to the soil as fertiliser in order to improve yield Repeating an experiment improves the reliability of its results Changing only one variable in an experiment improves the validity of its results