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Geology Study Guide “I Can” statement Student Responses 1. How does each of these rocks pass through the rock cycle? Igneous-Magma or lava melts and cools 2. What are characteris tics of an igneous Intrusive- Magma cools slowly creating large crystals Sedimentary-rocks weather and erode, then are cemented or compacted together Metamorphic-heat and pressure Extrusive- Lava cools quickly creating little to no crystals 1 rock? 3. What are characteris tics of a sedimentar y rock? Clastic- broken pieces of rock cemented or compacted together Organic-remains of living things compacted together Chemical- Water evaporates leaving the minerals to cement together Shows Stratification. 4. What are characteris tics of a metamorphi c rock? Foliated- arranged bands or planes in a rock Non-foliated- non arranged planes or bands in a rock 2 5. What is Subduction of plates melts rock and the rock cycle starts again the relationship between Sea Floor spreading creates new rock the rock cycle and plate tectonics theory? 6. Draw and label the composition al interior of the earth, using these terms; crust, mantle, and 3 core. 7. Draw and label the structural interior of the earth using these terms, lithosphere , asthenosph ere, mesosphere and inner and outer cores. 8. Where Liquid outer core of the earth 4 is the magnetic field of the earth generated? 9. How do P and S waves compare? P waves S waves 5 10. How are the speed and the medium through which P (primary) and S (secondary) waves travel through different? P-waves S- waves Twice as fast Slower Go through any material Only goes through solids 11. How do P and S waves travel through the earth and are reflected and change P and S waves tell speeds us about the interior 6 of the earth? 12. What is the difference between the age, density, and composition of oceanic and continental crust? Oceanic Age-younger than continental Density- more dense Composition-basalt Continental Age-older, can be up to 3.8 billion years old Density-less dense Composition- Granite 7 13. How do plate tectonics create seafloor spreading? Plates separate and less dense magma rises to the surface 14. How do plate tectonics create mid ocean ridges? Plates separate and less dense magma rises to the surface Rock gets older the farther from the ridge Divergent Plate boundary Long mountain chain Divergent boundary 15. How do The denser plate (heavier) will sink below the other plate (convergent) plate tectonics this creates volcanoes, mountains, create trenches, island arcs 8 subduction Deep earthquakes zones? convergent 16. How do plate tectonics create earthquake s? Near plate boundaries, faults occur. When faults move past each other, elastic rebound happens, which causes an earthquake 17. How do At subduction zones, mid ocean ridges and hot spots plate tectonics create volcanoes? 18. How do Warmer mantle rises because it is convection less dense currents Cooler mantle sinks because it is 9 relate to more dense the earth’s This movement causes the plates to mantle? move Warmer rocks=less dense 19. What happens to Cooler rocks=more dense the density of rocks at different temperatur es? 20. What is the affect of gravity on tectonic plates? Slab pull-gravity will help pull the plate 10 21. What Convergent is the deep relationship between the depth of an earthquake and the type of boundary? Divergent Transform shallow shallow Divergent-sea floor spreading 23. What type of boundary will produce the youngest rock? Why? 11 24. What is the difference between the focus and epicenter? Focus-underneath earth where earthquake starts 25. What is the difference between seismogram and seismograp h? Seismogram-tracing of an earthquake made by a seismograph Epicenter-the spot on the earth directly above the focus Seismograph-instrument that records seismic waves 12 26. How do Alternating layers of lava from quiet composite eruptions and pyroclastic material volcanoes from explosive eruptions form? 27. How do Layers of pyroclastic material from cinder cone explosive eruptions volcanoes form? 28. How do Layers of lava from quiet eruptions shield volcanoes form? 28. What Trapped water vapor and other are gases, high viscosity lava characteris tics of an explosive 13 volcanic eruption? 29. Where Subduction zones are places that destructive volcanoes and earthquake s occur? 30. What hazards are associated with destructive earthquake s and volcanoes? Tsunamis, Destruction of buildings, floods Ash, landslides, plumes, pyroclastic flow, fire 14 31. What are some long term effects that can happen from volcanic eruptions? Climate change from ash plumes 33. What Parent isotope decays into daughter is the isotope, scientists know that rateprocess of half life radioactive decay? 15 34. Study the graph and answer the questions that are underneath it. 1. After 1 half life, how much of the original material is left?______1/2_____________ 2. When there is 1/16 of the original material left, how many half lives has it gone through?_______4________________ 35. Why is All living things have C-14 carbon 14 used in dating once living 16 things? 36. How did the earth form? Dust and gas from a planetary nebula began to come together because of gravity 37. How outgassing of volcanoes did the earth’s atmosphere form? 38. How did the earth’s oceans form? Outgassing of volcanoes 17 39. What Cretaceous is the -Tertiary difference (K-T) in the extinctions Dinosaursof the 2nd Cretaceous -Tertiary (K-T), Permian, and Pleistocene periods? Permian Pleistocene 96% of all life on earth-1st Ice age extinctions -3rd 40. How do Law of superposition can be applied index to fossils fossils tell scientists sequences of time? 18 41. Study the graph and fill in the chart below. Rb8 7 T232 U23 8 U23 5 19 Element Percent of Age in original billions of mass years remaining U238 50 4.8 Rb87 90 8.5 U235 65 .5 T232 75 6.5 U238 40 6 20