Download Week 4 Midterm Review Worksheet

Week 4 Midterm Review Worksheet
TA's: I tried to include major concepts into each question with the exception of Bact, Archeae
and Protists. True or false section is adopted from previous worksheets. You may choose to have
students take it as a mini exam then go over the questions they get wrong. Or you may just go
over it as a whole class. Let me know if I should change anything!
1. "If all organisms are made of cells, and all caterpillars are organisms, then caterpillars are
made of cells". This sentence illustrates which concept?
a. hypothesis
b. inductive reasoning
c. deception
d. deductive reasoning
e. adaptation
2. Arrange from large scale to small scale
a. ecosystems
b. organelles
c. organisms
d. populations
e. communities
a>e>d>c>b
3. In the 1700's paleontologist Curvier, who is a opponent of evolution, studied fossils in strata
(distinct layers of sediments) and noted that from one stratum to the next, some new species
appeared while others disappeared. To explain this, he advocated catastrophism, which states
that events in the past occurred suddenly and that each layer was shaped by a mechanisms
different from those operating in present time. This thinking was eventually replaced by
uniformitarianism; which incorporates that,
a. mechanisms of change are constant over time
b. extinction events caused the disappearance of certain species from one layer to the next
c. layers may be formed by gradual erosion of soil by rivers which then buries the dead
marine organisms
d. both a and b are correct
e. both a and c are correct
4. Evolution by natural selection states that,
a. an individual organism may evolve over its lifetime
b. individuals with heritable traits may survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other
individuals because of those traits
c. a heritable trait in a population may evolve by natural selection even when all individuals in a
population carry identical alleles for this trait
d. a species adapted to the tropical environment will always survive when the environmental
condition shifts to a temperate environment
e. both c and d
5. The Australian sugar glider and the North American flying squirrel share a common ancestor.
They look alike and both have a membrane that allows them both to glide from tree to tree. Yet,
the wings of both species are said to be analogous, not homologous, because:
a. analogous features share similar function, but not common ancestry
b. homologous features share similar function, but not common ancestry
c. analogous features share common ancestry, but not similar function
d. homologous features and analogous features share the same definition
e. analogous features still exist today, whereas homologous features are extinct
6. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a hypothetical population that is not evolving;
which of the following would cause a H-W population to evolve?
a. no mutations occurring
b. individuals preferentially mate with a subset of the population, causing genotype frequencies
to change within the population
c. each individual genotypes have the same success in survival and reproduction.
d. extremely large population size, reducing the chance of allele frequencies to fluctuate from
one generation to the next
e. no alleles are moving into or out of the population
7. In a certain small town of India, legend has it that centuries ago, there existed a population of
mosquitoes with colors ranging from completely red to completely white, or partially red and
white, with red and white mosquitoes being the dominant coloring. When the English arrived
wearing red coats and white pants, the mosquitoes showed up in droves to feed on the English.
Many of the combo colored mosquitoes were squashed to death as they were easily detected on
both the coats and pants; meanwhile, the red mosquitoes feeding through the red coats survived,
and so did the white mosquitoes feeding on the white pants. Over time, the mosquito population
became dominated by both the completely red and completely white mosquitoes, with combo
colored ones being the rarest. What type of natural selection is this?
a. disruptive selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. discriminative selection
d. superior selection
e. directional selection
8. Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ______ survive and reproduce
more successfully than others.
a. alleles
b. gene pools
c. loci
d. species
e. individuals
9. Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur. Which of the
following is NOT an example of Prezygotic barrier?
a. habitat isolation - two species of snakes in the same genus living in the same national park, but
one lives mainly in water while the other is strictly terrestrial.
b. temporal isolation - two species of foxes occur in the same range, but one mates in late
summer while the other mates in late winter
c. behavioral isolation - two closely related species of bowerbird living in the same forest; the
female of one species will only be impressed if males gather red objects to create a mating nest,
while the female of the other species will only prefer males who gather blue species
d. gametic isolation - two species of sea urchins releasing sperm and eggs into the water, yet the
sperm of one species is not able to penetrate the membrane of the eggs of the other species
e. hybrid breakdown - two strains of cultivated rice produce viable and fertile offspring, but
when they mate with one another, or either parent species, offspring of the next generation are
feeble or sterile
10. Which of these organisms was found in fossil records before the Cambrian explosion(3.5
billion years ago)?
a. insects
b. vascular plants
c. soft bodied invertebrates
d. stromatolites
e. fungi
11. Complex eyes are not unique to mammals and have evolved independently many times from
basic patches of photoreceptor cells. This is mainly because:
a. novel and complex biological structures can evolve through a series of incremental
modifications, each of which benefits the organism that possesses it
b. evolution is goal oriented
c. evolution will always lead to more complex biological structures
d. both b and c
e. both a and b
12. Arrange each level from most inclusive to least inclusive:
a. family
b. class
c. phylum
d. order
e. domain
e>c>b>d>a
13. Using the tree below, assuming maximum parsimony, you may conclude that mammals are
more related to _____ than they are related to amphibians:
a. lizards and snakes
b. lungfishes
c. ostriches
d. both a and c
e. not enough information
True or false:
1. A theory is an observed pattern (F- it is an explanation for a pattern or a process)
2. heritable trait can be passed on to offspring (T)
3. Artificial Selection is changes in populations that occur at random. (F- changes occur when human
select for certain individuals to produce more offspring thus selecting for a certain trait)
4. Fitness is ability of an individual to produce offspring (T)
5. The tree of life shows that there are two independent beginnings of life as prokaryotes and
eukaryotes (F- the tree of life shows that all organisms come from one common ancestor)
6. There are two major domains: prokaryotes and eukaryotes (F- there are three major domains:
Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya)
7. The fossil record supports natural selection because change through time is evident (T)
8. The fossil record shows that most species are still existing (F- over 99 percent of species are now
extinct)
9. A transitional feature is one that is reduced in size or incomplete (F- vestigial traits are reduced in
size. Transitional feature is a trait in a fossil species that is intermediate between those of older and
younger species.)
10. Homology is evidence of descent from a common ancestor (T- genetic, developmental, structural)