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ENGLISH 9
GRAMMAR UNIT II
SENTENCES, FRAGMENTS, AND ELEMENTS
LESSON ONE: SUBJECTS AND VERBS
SUBJECTS – tell who or what the sentence is about.
SUBJECT COMPONENTS
1. Subjects are either nouns or pronouns.
2. Subjects may be single words or groups
of words.
3. Subjects may have articles.
4. Subjects may have adjectives.
5. A sentence may have compound
subjects joined by conjunctions.
Allen was angry.
He was very angry.
Mary went shopping.
The Empire State Building is my favorite.
The volcano erupted at noon.
A resident described the explosions.
An eagle flew high.
The hot sun burned my skin.
His completed application was turned in.
An unusual letter arrived today.
You and she must go soon.
Snow, ice, and cold kept us home.
Either the duck or the drake will rescue the
duckling.
SUBJECT POSITIONS
1. Most subjects occur at or near the
beginning of the sentence.
The truck drove faster than necessary.
My newly built house is next to yours.
2. In orders or directions, the subject is
understood.
Come here, please. (you)
After beating the eggs, pour them
into a skillet. (you)
3. In questions, the subject often follows
the verb or comes between verb parts.
Is dinner ready yet?
Are you working here?
4. In “here” and “there” sentences, subjects
follow the verb.
There is your train to Kansas.
Here are the pictures of the wedding.
5. Sometimes the subject comes after the verb
for emphasis.
High on the cliff was an eagle.
Among the people in the crowd were our friends.
NOTE: Subjects will NEVER be found in prepositional phrases.
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EXERCISE ONE: Underline the subjects in the following sentences. To help yourself, cross
out prepositional phrases since subjects will never be found in them. Ask yourself the following
question: What or who is the entire sentence about?
1. Many high schools have organized coed sports programs.
2. Are Makarova and Gregory famous ballerinas?
3. Neither she nor her friend had come to our party.
4. At the noise, the pigeons took off.
5. He changed his seat several times.
6. The chill and the dampness depressed us.
7. Unjust punishment and excessive beatings had turned the crew against Bligh.
8. There on the wet grass lay my wet scarf.
9. How much money did you lose?
10. Could you have seen the show from the back row?
11. Here are the missing keys to the car.
12. Along the hedge crept the cat.
13. Should I have telephoned earlier?
14. Give me those boxes, please.
15. Out of the blue came a beautiful seagull.
16. He and I will never agree.
17. There will be a rehearsal on Saturday morning.
18. The small and fragile kittens were brought home today.
19. Mary, Sarah, Toni, and I went to the beach.
20. Either you or he will have to accept the award.
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VERBS: words or word groups that make a statement about the subject; they show action,
state of being or link something to the subject.
VERB COMPONENTS
1. Verbs can be single words.
Kit ran to first base.
Who ran fastest?
Marty is good looking.
2. Verbs can be groups of words which include
helping and main verbs – called verb phrases.
This book is going to sell.
The kids were shrieking at the dog.
They could have gone earlier.
3. Verbs can be compound – sharing the
same subject and joined by conjunctions.
The car skidded on the ice and then hit the curb.
Winds howled all night but died down at dawn.
The motor sputtered, coughed, then stopped.
4. Verbs can be action or linking.
My little brother fell off the porch. (action)
Mom might have skipped school, too. (action)
I am very sorry. (linking)
That baby can be a real problem. (linking)
VERB POSITIONS
1. Verbs generally follow subjects.
Four guys walked across the room.
That big chair is my father’s nap place.
2. Verbs sometimes precede subjects.
There were four misspelled words.
After the rain appeared a beautiful rainbow.
3. Verb phrases can be separated by other
words (subjects or adverbs)
Can we go now?
You will never see me again.
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EXERCISE TWO: Underline the verbs twice in the following sentences. Label the verb AV
(action verb) or LV (linking verb). Cross off prepositional phrases.
1. They can adapt to changes in their environment.
2. An insect grows in sudden spurts called molts.
3. Can we see those photographs soon?
4. During the molt, the insect sheds its old skin.
5. A new and roomier skin replaces the old one.
6. In proportion to their size, insects are the strongest creatures on earth.
7. That could have been the funniest lesson of the year.
8. Down the spiral staircase pranced a gorgeous creature in a silver gown.
9. The strength of insects matches their appetite.
10. Here is your pizza with mushrooms and extra cheese.
11. Among the people in the crowd were our neighbors.
12. What am I going there for?
13. Where will you be at noon?
14. Give them your tickets.
15. He read the book then saw the movie.
16. Large bushes and a grove of trees hide their yard from view.
17. I don’t think about them very often.
18. Could that have been my report on the desk?
19. Which report did you write for English class?
20. Stop that!
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EXERCISE THREE: Underline the subject once and label it S; underline the verb twice and
label it either AV or LV. Remember to cross out the prepositional phrases since neither
subjects nor verbs can be found in them.
1. There goes the kite into the tree.
2. Have you seen the new horror film at the Cinema?
3. Which team won the championship?
4. The pictures from the graduation party are in my car.
5. Here are two reasons for our failure.
6. When will you leave for the camp?
7. After the game, walk your little sister home.
8. Get me a drink of water, please.
9. She got to the beach at noon.
10. My mom washed, dried, combed and curled my hair.
11. Maggie and Karen let me down yesterday.
12. Their rapid rate of reproduction partly explains this success.
13. Insects have always been the most successful form of animal life.
14. The dog simply did not perform well last night.
15. The police might not have arrived on time.
16. Hurricanes and tornadoes cause much damage to property every year.
17. The logs in the fire hissed and crackled.
18. The small children hopped, skipped, and jumped about the meadow.
19. The Romans created buildings in brick and then faced them with marble.
20. From the cliff, seals, otters, and seagulls could be seen by tourists.
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LESSON TWO: WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
A sentence is a word or group of words containing a verb and its subject and expressing a complete
thought. The subject is who or what does the action, and the verb is the action that is done.
EXAMPLES: The boy threw the ball.
Did he arrive on time?
Stop! (understood “you” subject)
A fragment (FRAG) is a group of words that does not express a complete thought; it is dependent on
some other information, often a preceding or a following sentence.
EXAMPLES: When you are ready.
To the movies.
Running down the street.
Don't know.
EXERCISE ONE: Using the symbols “S” for sentence and “F” for fragment, identify each of
the following items. If it is a fragment, make it into a sentence.
_____ 1. The blizzard raged.
_____ 2. When she plays basketball.
_____ 3. Jodie got a better job.
_____ 4. That wild boy over there is my brother.
_____ 5. Organizing a game of cards.
_____ 6. To sing in our famous choir.
_____ 7. Mr. Conrad went slowly down the dark hall.
_____ 8. In the last game of the season.
_____ 9. The best player on the team.
_____10. Having run off the road for the third time.
_____11. Give me that cookie!
_____12. Help!
_____13. To be given a second chance.
_____14. The butterfly with golden wings landed at my feet.
_____15. Who was that large man next door?
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LESSON THREE: REVIEW OF SENTENCE FUNCTIONS
Most sentences make statements, but some ask questions, give commands, make requests, or express
strong emotion. The following are the four primary sentence functions; please note the correct end
punctuation for each.
1. Declarative Sentence = a sentence that makes a statement and always ends in a period.
EXAMPLES: This is Mona Shores High School.
Dominic is taking me to the concert.
Devin wrote a long letter.
2. Imperative Sentence = a sentence that makes a command or a request and ends in either a period
or an exclamation mark.
EXAMPLES: Close the door.
Help!
Come here, please.
NOTE: The subject of an imperative sentence is always an understood “you.”
3. Interrogative Sentence = a sentence that asks a question and ends in a question mark.
EXAMPLES: Will you go to the concert in Detroit with me?
Who was that girl with Ryan?
Is Leah’s sister a lifeguard at the beach?
4. Exclamatory Sentence = a sentence that shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation
mark.
EXAMPLES: What a great concert that was!
Our band is unbelievable!
Ben scores!
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EXERCISE ONE: Using the chart below, identify each of the following sentence functions.
Punctuate each sentence correctly.
Dec =
Imp =
Int =
Exc =
declarative
imperative
interrogative
exclamatory
_____ 1. Are you interested in hearing the news
_____ 2. The grammar book was returned to me
_____ 3. Aunt Melody is my mother’s sister
_____ 4. Stay
_____ 5. How could this have happened so soon
_____ 6. We won
_____ 7. Stop playing in the middle of the road
_____ 8. Why do you torment me
_____ 9. Finish your homework
_____10. You can study for the quiz later
_____11. Is she going to join us at the dance
_____12. What a day this has been
_____13. Give me a hand with the dishes
_____14. Get out your books and begin reading
_____15. This is a complicated process
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LESSON FOUR: PHRASES AND CLAUSES
PHRASE
A phrase is two or more related words (without a subject and a verb) that function as a single
sentence part (either noun, adjective, or adverb). There are three kinds of phrases:
1. Prepositional – begins with a preposition and includes its object and any words modifying the
object
a. We learned the facts of life yesterday.
b. After the dance, I walked home.
c. He can identify most trees by their bark.
2. Appositive – a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun
a. My mom, the woman over there, is deaf.
b. Politicians, acrobats at heart, can sit on the fence and yet keep both ears to the ground.
c. The owl, a creature of the night, is difficult to see.
3. Verbal
a. Participial – a verb form ending in -ed or -ing that is used as an adjective. Ex. – Being a
philosopher, I have a problem for every solution.
b. Gerund – a verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun. Ex. – Walking our dog is my
daily chore.
c. Infinitive – a verb form that appears with “to” before the verb. Ex – She wanted to move the
desk.
NOTE: What is the difference between the preposition “to” and the infinitive “to”?
NOTE: What is the difference between a participial and a gerund?
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CLAUSE
A clause (subordinate or dependent) is two or more related words that contain a verb and its subject,
but do not express a complete thought. A clause functions as a single sentence part, either noun,
adjective, or adverb. Clauses usually begin with an introductory word.
a. The arrow that has left the bow never returns.
adjective
b. I prefer the teacher who listens to her students.
c. My best toy, which cost $5, is in the living room.
(who, which, that, whom, whose, when, where)
a. When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.
adverb
b. Venice would be a fine city if it were only drained.
c. Because he arrived late, he missed the show.
(after, although, as, as if, because, before, even
though, if, since, so that, than, unless, when, where,
whether, while)
a. Whoever gossips to you will gossip about you.
noun
b. I will do whatever you like.
c. That she cheated has now been determined.
(who, which, that, how, whoever, whom, whomever,
what, whatever, when, where, whether, whose, why)
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EXERCISE ONE: Using the chart below, identify the form of each item.
S
= sentence
Ph = phrase
Cl = clause
_____ 1. where we would eat
_____ 7. after the meeting ended
_____ 2. under the flowering bush
_____ 8. to understand this grammar
_____ 3. from his head to his toes
_____ 9. no one knows me
_____ 4. seeing him standing there
_____ 10. doomed from the start
_____ 5. whom did you see in the car
_____ 11. stop
_____ 6. after hearing his story
_____ 12. than I did yesterday
EXERCISE TWO: Composing (Underline what is asked to do in each sentence.)
1. Write a complete sentence about your house that contains a prepositional phrase.
2. Write a complete sentence about food that contains an adverb clause beginning with “since.”
3. Write a complete sentence that contains a subordinate clause beginning with “that.”
4. Write a complete sentence that contains an appositive phrase attached to the subject.
5. Write a complete sentence that contains an adjective clause beginning with “who” that
is attached to (modifies) the subject “my friend.”
6. Write a complete sentence that contains THREE prepositional phrases.
7. Write a complete sentence that contains a THREE-word verb phrase.
8. Write a complete sentence in which the gerund phrase “running down the hall” is the
SUBJECT.
9. Write a complete sentence in which the participial phrase “running down the hall” is
attached to (modifies) the word “student.”
10. Write a complete sentence in which the noun clause “whoever arrives first” is the
SUBJECT.
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ENGLISH 9
UNIT II (LESSONS I-IV)
MASTERY TEST REVIEW
PART ONE: In the first blank, identify the item as either a sentence (S) or a fragment (Frag).
If the item is a sentence, identify it in the second blank as either declarative (Dec), imperative
(Imp), interrogative (Int), or exclamatory (Exc), and punctuate correctly. If the item is a
fragment, identify it as either a phrase (Ph) or a clause (Cl) AND then make it into a sentence
by adding capitalization and punctuation.
S or FRAG
_______
TYPE
_______ 1. wanting a Harley Davidson
_______
_______ 2. everyone knows me
_______
_______ 3. if it is cold tomorrow
_______
_______ 4. which I bought yesterday
_______
_______ 5. why do you ask that question
_______
_______ 6. can’t be found anywhere
_______
_______ 7. while we waited in the parking lot
_______
_______ 8. listen carefully
_______
_______ 9. whatever you want
_______
_______10. in the morning, at noon, and at the end of the day
_______
_______11. sat still and listened carefully
_______
_______12. Brittany cried
_______
_______13. where we will meet
_______
_______14. go away
_______
_______15. clean up your room
_______
_______16. when they asked how they could help, the answer was simple
_______
_______17. should I talk about my awesome basketball team
_______
_______18. what a beautiful day it is
_______
_______19. totally bored with this English class
_______
_______20. please be seated
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PART TWO: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a declarative sentence that contains a prepositional phrase.
2. Write an interrogative sentence beginning with “did.”
3. Write a one word imperative sentence.
4. Write a complete sentence that contains an appositive phrase attached to the subject.
5. Write a complete sentence that contains an adverb clause beginning with “after.”
6. Write a complete sentence that contains a participial phrase that is attached to (modifies) the
noun “Keith.”
7. Write an interrogative sentence that contains a prepositional phrase.
8. Write a complete sentence that contains the gerund phrase “jumping out of trees” as the subject.