Download Oceanography Final Exam Review Guide Fall Semester Name Date

Oceanography Final Exam Review Guide Fall Semester Name ____________________
Date ___________
1. Earth is ____________ years old.
2. What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water?
3. Of the water contained on Earth, what percentage is actually found in the oceans?
4. It is believed from the evidence that life on Earth began _________________.
5. When looking at a picture of the Earth, which hemisphere contains the most water?
6. What is a chronometer?
7. Who invented the chronometer?
8. Who is known as the "father of oceanography"?
9. Who was the first to chart an accurate map of the Gulf Stream?
10. The first true oceanographic expedition in 1872 was carried out by what ship?
11. A famous underwater vehicle used in the discovery of the Titanic as well as on many other deep sea
expeditions, name?
12. Who was the first sailor credited with circumnavigating the world?
13. Topex/Poseidon is the first ___________________ used in oceanographic research
14. Pythaes was a Greek astronomer who developed a simple system of determining _________________.
15. The H.M.S. Beagle was an expedition that a famous naturalist, ___________________, joined to complete biological
research.
16. What evidence is there of the "Big Bang Theory"?
17. The first oceans developed around __________ billion years ago.
18. New crust is made at the ____________________________________
19. The inner core of the earth is made primarily made of _______________
20. Type of rock found beneath the sediments of the ocean floor is _____________.
21. The type of rock that makes up the bulk of the continents is _______________.
22. Youngest rocks on the ocean floor are found near ______________________.
23. The ____________________ is an instrument that detects, records, and measures vibrations produced by an
earthquake.
24. ____________________ ____________________ are long, deep, narrow features on the sea floor, where the ocean floor is
recycled back into the Earth.
25.Locate the following oceans in the
diagram above: Atlantic, Pacific,
Indian, Artic, Gulf of Mexico,
Caribbean Sea, Labrador Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea.
26. In what ocean is the Ring of Fire
located? ___________________________
27. The three types of tectonic plate
boundaries are ____________________,
____________________, and
____________________.
28. Subduction is associated with
____________________ plate boundaries
29. The San Andreas fault lies along a
____________________ plate boundary?
30. Hydrothermal vents and black smokers are located around _______________.
31. The two types of waves recorded by hydrophones to detect underwater earthquakes are __________ and
____________.
32. ____________________ is the name Wegener proposed for the supercontinent that was comprised of all of the
continents.
33. A(n) ____________________ plate boundary is a collisional boundary between two plates, in most cases where plate
subduction is occurring.
34. Four currents completing a rotation around an ocean basin is called a ________.
35. _____________ is the ultimate source that provides energy for ocean currents.
36. The ____________ is the immediate source of energy for ocean currents.
37. What are the major differences between White Smoker Vents and Black Smoker Vent structures? (temp,
animals, and mineral deposits)
Temp
Animals found at vent
Mineral Deposits
Black Smoker
White Smoker
38. Water that is high in nutrients and oxygen is found where in the ocean?
39. When warmer water is pushed away from land by winds, _________________ is common along the coastlines.
40. Along the continental shelves where water is pushed against the coastline, _________________ is common as
water moves from the surface into the deep ocean.
41. The atmospheric gas that accounts for the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is __________________________.
42. Hurricanes that originate in the Tropical latitudes are known as tropical ________________.
43. Winds located between 60° and 30° are known as the ___________________.
44. Winds found between the equator and 30° latitude are known as the _______________________________.
45. Winds move across the United States from ________________ to __________________.
46. The strongest winds on earth are the _________________________.
47. Changes in water temperature, as you descend from the surface to the bottom, is referred to as a
________________________.
48. The Ekman Spiral is driven by _____________________________.
49. The earth’s rotation that results in the deflection of currents called the __________________.
50. Which structural layer of Earth comprises the greatest volume of Earth?
51. Which structural layer of Earth is the thinnest and least voluminous?
52. Which structural layer of Earth is liquid?
Match the following Earth layers from the surface inward to the center of Earth.
a. outer core b. crust c. lower mantle d. inner core e. upper mantle f. asthenosphere
____
____
____
53.
54.
55.
Layer 1 - Earth surface
Layer 2
Layer 3
____
____
____
56.
57.
58.
Layer 4
Layer 5
Layer 6 - Earth Center
Match the characteristic with the type of seismic with which it is associated.
a. p-waves
b. s-waves
____
____
59.
60.
travels through solid, gas, and liquid
travels only through solids
Match the earth phenomena with the plate boundary type(s). Include as many plate boundaries as are
appropriate.
a. Convergent
b. Divergent c. Transforming
____
____
61.
62.
Volcanism
subduction
____
____
63.
64.
earthquakes
rifting (sea-floor spreading)
KNOW YOUR CURRENTS (66-73)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
6.
7.
8.
9.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Sharks, Fish and Sea Turtles
74. Sea turtles lay approximately ____________ eggs that must be incubated for an average of _____________ days. The
temperature of the _____________ determines the sex of the sea turtle hatchlings. All sea turtle species are
either listed as threatened or ________________________.
75. Sharks are classified in Phylum Chordata, sub-phylum Vertebrate and class _____________________.
76. Fish are classified in phylum Chordata, sub-phylum Vertebrata and class ____________________________.
77. The nictitating membrane protects what body structure? _________________
78. Why are sharks considered “primitive”?
79. What is a TED and what is it used for?
80. To maintain buoyancy, fish have a ______________________ and sharks rely on their __________________________.
81. On sharks and fish, the fin used for moving quickly forward is the ______________________ fin. For breaking and
turning, what fin(s) are used? ___________________________________________
82. In sharks, the _____________________ fin of the male is used during mating.
83. Egg laying fish and sharks are referred to as being _____________________.
84. Fish bearing live young that were attached to the mother via an umbilical cord are said to be
______________________________.
85. Sharks that incubate their eggs inside the body, that hatch prior to delivery are said to be
______________________________. This process of reproduction usually leads to interuterine _____________________ by
the first pup to hatch.
86. A behavior exhibited by sharks as a warning for attack is called _________________________, which includes the
shark arching the back, lifting the snout and ________________________________________.
87. The largest fish on the planet is actually the _________________________.
88. The largest shark on the planet is the _____________________________.
89. Turtles named for the color of their fat - ________________________.
90. Turtle shells used for jewelry - ___________________________.
91. These turtles mass nest in arrabadas in Mexico - ____________________.
92. Only sea turtle to not have a typical hard shell -________________________.
93. Turtle named for large head which nests along the GA coast - _______________.
94. Largest sea turtle weighing in around 1500 lbs. - ______________________.
95. Living fossil fish found and thought to be extinct. ______________________.
96. The top shell of a sea turtle is called the ______________________, the bottom shell is the _______________________ and the
scales that make up both shells are referred to as ________________________.
97. Young sea turtles spend time floating with the ________________________ in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean to avoid
predators near shore.
98. What is the difference between benthic organisms and pelagic organisms?
Oceanography Final Exam Review Guide
Answer Section
COMPLETION
1.
4.6 billion
2.
71%
3.
97%
4.
deep in the ocean
5.
Southern
6.
An instrument used to calculate longitude at sea
7.
Johns Harrison
8.
Matthew Maury
9.
Benjamin Franklin
10.
H.M.S. Challenger
11.
Alvin
12.
Ferdinand Magellan
13.
satellite
14.
latitude
15.
Charles Darwin
16.
Atlantic (9); Pacific (3); Indian (18); Artic (1); Gulf of Mexico (4); Carribean Sea(5);
Labrador
Sea (8); Mediterranian Sea(13)
17.
Northern Pacific
18.
Planets moving away from a central point (expanding galaxy)
19.
4
20.
Mid-Ocean Ridges (Rift Valleys)
21.
Iron
22.
Basalt
23.
Granite
24.
Mid ocean ridges
25.
seismograph
26.
continental rise
27.
abyssal plains
28.
Oceanic trenches
29.
divergent, convergent and transform
30.
convergent
31.
transform
32.
Continental shelves - caused by turbidity currents
33.
mid ocean ridges (sea floor spreading centers)
34.
sea floor spreading
35.
P and S waves
36.
Pangaea
37.
convergent
38.
Terrigenous
39.
Biogenous
40.
Hydrogenous
41.
Cosmogenous
42.
Gravel, sand, clay, silt
43.
Manganese
44.
Stromatolites
45.
Turbidity currents
46.
Surface Tension
47.
All three
48.
1000
49.
Decreases
50.
Secchi disk
51.
more
52.
more
53.
lower
54.
faster (4 times)
55.
water
56.
0 to 7 and 7 to 14
57.
Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
58.
Carbon dioxide
59.
35
60.
Gyre
61.
The Sun
62.
Wind
63.
Coriolis Effect
64.
Deep water
65.
Upwellings
66.
water vapor
67.
cyclones
68.
Westerlies
69.
Trade winds
MATCHING
70.
B
71.
E
72.
F
73.
C
74.
A
75.
D
76.
A
77.
B
78.
B
79.
C
80.
A
81.
A
82.
A and B
83.
A, B and C
84.
A
85.
B
ESSAY
86.
the mantle
87.
the crust
88.
the outer core
89.
manganese nodules
90.
Alfred Wegener