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Transcript
Oceanography Final Exam Review Guide Fall Semester Name ____________________ Date ___________ 1. Earth is ____________ years old. 2. What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water? 3. Of the water contained on Earth, what percentage is actually found in the oceans? 4. It is believed from the evidence that life on Earth began _________________. 5. When looking at a picture of the Earth, which hemisphere contains the most water? 6. What is a chronometer? 7. Who invented the chronometer? 8. Who is known as the "father of oceanography"? 9. Who was the first to chart an accurate map of the Gulf Stream? 10. The first true oceanographic expedition in 1872 was carried out by what ship? 11. A famous underwater vehicle used in the discovery of the Titanic as well as on many other deep sea expeditions, name? 12. Who was the first sailor credited with circumnavigating the world? 13. Topex/Poseidon is the first ___________________ used in oceanographic research 14. Pythaes was a Greek astronomer who developed a simple system of determining _________________. 15. The H.M.S. Beagle was an expedition that a famous naturalist, ___________________, joined to complete biological research. 16. What evidence is there of the "Big Bang Theory"? 17. The first oceans developed around __________ billion years ago. 18. New crust is made at the ____________________________________ 19. The inner core of the earth is made primarily made of _______________ 20. Type of rock found beneath the sediments of the ocean floor is _____________. 21. The type of rock that makes up the bulk of the continents is _______________. 22. Youngest rocks on the ocean floor are found near ______________________. 23. The ____________________ is an instrument that detects, records, and measures vibrations produced by an earthquake. 24. ____________________ ____________________ are long, deep, narrow features on the sea floor, where the ocean floor is recycled back into the Earth. 25.Locate the following oceans in the diagram above: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Artic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Labrador Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. 26. In what ocean is the Ring of Fire located? ___________________________ 27. The three types of tectonic plate boundaries are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________. 28. Subduction is associated with ____________________ plate boundaries 29. The San Andreas fault lies along a ____________________ plate boundary? 30. Hydrothermal vents and black smokers are located around _______________. 31. The two types of waves recorded by hydrophones to detect underwater earthquakes are __________ and ____________. 32. ____________________ is the name Wegener proposed for the supercontinent that was comprised of all of the continents. 33. A(n) ____________________ plate boundary is a collisional boundary between two plates, in most cases where plate subduction is occurring. 34. Four currents completing a rotation around an ocean basin is called a ________. 35. _____________ is the ultimate source that provides energy for ocean currents. 36. The ____________ is the immediate source of energy for ocean currents. 37. What are the major differences between White Smoker Vents and Black Smoker Vent structures? (temp, animals, and mineral deposits) Temp Animals found at vent Mineral Deposits Black Smoker White Smoker 38. Water that is high in nutrients and oxygen is found where in the ocean? 39. When warmer water is pushed away from land by winds, _________________ is common along the coastlines. 40. Along the continental shelves where water is pushed against the coastline, _________________ is common as water moves from the surface into the deep ocean. 41. The atmospheric gas that accounts for the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is __________________________. 42. Hurricanes that originate in the Tropical latitudes are known as tropical ________________. 43. Winds located between 60° and 30° are known as the ___________________. 44. Winds found between the equator and 30° latitude are known as the _______________________________. 45. Winds move across the United States from ________________ to __________________. 46. The strongest winds on earth are the _________________________. 47. Changes in water temperature, as you descend from the surface to the bottom, is referred to as a ________________________. 48. The Ekman Spiral is driven by _____________________________. 49. The earth’s rotation that results in the deflection of currents called the __________________. 50. Which structural layer of Earth comprises the greatest volume of Earth? 51. Which structural layer of Earth is the thinnest and least voluminous? 52. Which structural layer of Earth is liquid? Match the following Earth layers from the surface inward to the center of Earth. a. outer core b. crust c. lower mantle d. inner core e. upper mantle f. asthenosphere ____ ____ ____ 53. 54. 55. Layer 1 - Earth surface Layer 2 Layer 3 ____ ____ ____ 56. 57. 58. Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 - Earth Center Match the characteristic with the type of seismic with which it is associated. a. p-waves b. s-waves ____ ____ 59. 60. travels through solid, gas, and liquid travels only through solids Match the earth phenomena with the plate boundary type(s). Include as many plate boundaries as are appropriate. a. Convergent b. Divergent c. Transforming ____ ____ 61. 62. Volcanism subduction ____ ____ 63. 64. earthquakes rifting (sea-floor spreading) KNOW YOUR CURRENTS (66-73) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ 6. 7. 8. 9. _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Sharks, Fish and Sea Turtles 74. Sea turtles lay approximately ____________ eggs that must be incubated for an average of _____________ days. The temperature of the _____________ determines the sex of the sea turtle hatchlings. All sea turtle species are either listed as threatened or ________________________. 75. Sharks are classified in Phylum Chordata, sub-phylum Vertebrate and class _____________________. 76. Fish are classified in phylum Chordata, sub-phylum Vertebrata and class ____________________________. 77. The nictitating membrane protects what body structure? _________________ 78. Why are sharks considered “primitive”? 79. What is a TED and what is it used for? 80. To maintain buoyancy, fish have a ______________________ and sharks rely on their __________________________. 81. On sharks and fish, the fin used for moving quickly forward is the ______________________ fin. For breaking and turning, what fin(s) are used? ___________________________________________ 82. In sharks, the _____________________ fin of the male is used during mating. 83. Egg laying fish and sharks are referred to as being _____________________. 84. Fish bearing live young that were attached to the mother via an umbilical cord are said to be ______________________________. 85. Sharks that incubate their eggs inside the body, that hatch prior to delivery are said to be ______________________________. This process of reproduction usually leads to interuterine _____________________ by the first pup to hatch. 86. A behavior exhibited by sharks as a warning for attack is called _________________________, which includes the shark arching the back, lifting the snout and ________________________________________. 87. The largest fish on the planet is actually the _________________________. 88. The largest shark on the planet is the _____________________________. 89. Turtles named for the color of their fat - ________________________. 90. Turtle shells used for jewelry - ___________________________. 91. These turtles mass nest in arrabadas in Mexico - ____________________. 92. Only sea turtle to not have a typical hard shell -________________________. 93. Turtle named for large head which nests along the GA coast - _______________. 94. Largest sea turtle weighing in around 1500 lbs. - ______________________. 95. Living fossil fish found and thought to be extinct. ______________________. 96. The top shell of a sea turtle is called the ______________________, the bottom shell is the _______________________ and the scales that make up both shells are referred to as ________________________. 97. Young sea turtles spend time floating with the ________________________ in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean to avoid predators near shore. 98. What is the difference between benthic organisms and pelagic organisms? Oceanography Final Exam Review Guide Answer Section COMPLETION 1. 4.6 billion 2. 71% 3. 97% 4. deep in the ocean 5. Southern 6. An instrument used to calculate longitude at sea 7. Johns Harrison 8. Matthew Maury 9. Benjamin Franklin 10. H.M.S. Challenger 11. Alvin 12. Ferdinand Magellan 13. satellite 14. latitude 15. Charles Darwin 16. Atlantic (9); Pacific (3); Indian (18); Artic (1); Gulf of Mexico (4); Carribean Sea(5); Labrador Sea (8); Mediterranian Sea(13) 17. Northern Pacific 18. Planets moving away from a central point (expanding galaxy) 19. 4 20. Mid-Ocean Ridges (Rift Valleys) 21. Iron 22. Basalt 23. Granite 24. Mid ocean ridges 25. seismograph 26. continental rise 27. abyssal plains 28. Oceanic trenches 29. divergent, convergent and transform 30. convergent 31. transform 32. Continental shelves - caused by turbidity currents 33. mid ocean ridges (sea floor spreading centers) 34. sea floor spreading 35. P and S waves 36. Pangaea 37. convergent 38. Terrigenous 39. Biogenous 40. Hydrogenous 41. Cosmogenous 42. Gravel, sand, clay, silt 43. Manganese 44. Stromatolites 45. Turbidity currents 46. Surface Tension 47. All three 48. 1000 49. Decreases 50. Secchi disk 51. more 52. more 53. lower 54. faster (4 times) 55. water 56. 0 to 7 and 7 to 14 57. Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen 58. Carbon dioxide 59. 35 60. Gyre 61. The Sun 62. Wind 63. Coriolis Effect 64. Deep water 65. Upwellings 66. water vapor 67. cyclones 68. Westerlies 69. Trade winds MATCHING 70. B 71. E 72. F 73. C 74. A 75. D 76. A 77. B 78. B 79. C 80. A 81. A 82. A and B 83. A, B and C 84. A 85. B ESSAY 86. the mantle 87. the crust 88. the outer core 89. manganese nodules 90. Alfred Wegener