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20. Weathering and erosion of Earth’s crust are primarily caused by (1) gravity (3) evaporation (2) volcanic activity (4) sedimentation 21. Which statement is true of all rocks? (1) Rocks contain organic material. (2) Rocks contain fossils. (3) Rocks are composed of minerals. (4) Rocks are formed in layers. 22. Igneous rocks are formed by (1) weathering (3) volcanic activity (2) cementation (4) sedimentation (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 27. Convection currents in Earth’s mantle are believed to be responsible for (1) ocean currents (2) crustal plate movements (3) climatic changes (4) uneven surface heating 41. The map below shows some geologic features located near the west coast of the United States. 24. The diagram below shows a rock sample and an identification key. This rock sample would best be classified as (1) volcanic (3) metamorphic (2) sedimentary (4) igneous 25. Oceans, glaciers, lakes, and rivers are part of Earth’s (1) atmosphere (3) hydrosphere (2) hemisphere (4) lithosphere 26. The diagram below shows the water cycle. The arrows on either side of the fault represent (1) volcanic eruptions (2) rock formations (3) the relative movement of air masses (4) the relative movement of tectonic plates 3. If shell fragments are found in a rock sample, it is most likely that the rock formed (1) on a mountain slope (2) on a glacier (3) from magma (4) in shallow water 4. The thin layer of water that covers most of Earth’s surface is called the (1) atmosphere (3) lithosphere (2) hemisphere (4) hydrosphere Which letter represents the process of evaporation? 5. Which term refers to the atmospheric conditions that prevail from season to season and year to year at a certain location? (1) weather (3) equilibrium (2) climate (4) ecosystem 12. A common characteristic of sound waves is that they (1) are created by vibrations (2) travel in straight lines toward the source (3) travel fastest through empty space (4) move at the speed of light 32 The bold line on the map below shows the San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault is the result of (1) overpopulation (2) a large glacier (3) weathering and erosion (4) crustal plate movement 33. Four identical sand castles are shown below. Which sand castle will most likely be eroded fastest by the wind? 4. The surface of Earth is covered by a relatively thin layer of water called the (1) crust (3) hydrosphere (2) mantle (4) atmosphere 5. Movement of Earth’s crust along plate boundaries produces (1) fronts (3) hurricanes (2) tides (4) earthquakes 6. In which type of rock are fossils generally found? (1) igneous (3) sedimentary (2) metamorphic (4) volcanic 7. Which title best describes the processes shown in the diagram below? (1) the water cycle (2) the tectonic cycle (3) the calculation cycle (4) the rock cycle 8. The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. Which fossil is considered the oldest in the cross section shown? (1) armored fish (3) early horses (2) dinosaurs (4) trilobites 4. The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite. Which physical property of the calcite is being tested? (1) streak (3) melting point (2) hardness (4) reaction to acid 25. The cross section below shows fossils and the rock layers in which they are found. Crustal movement has not displaced the rock layers. Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile? (1) streak (2) hardness (3) reaction to an acid (4) reaction to a solvent 6. Weather forecasts are more accurate today than in the past due to (1) global warming (2) air-quality control (3) plate tectonics (4) use of images from space 7. The diagram below shows tilted rock layers. The dashed lines represent missing parts of the rock layers. 9 Many scientists believe that crustal plate movement occurs because of convection cells contained in Earth’s (1) crust (3) outer core (2) mantle (4) inner core 22. All rocks are composed of (1) fossils (3) metals (2) cells (4) minerals 29. Which two processes could result in the formation of high mountains with wellrounded peaks? (1) volcanic eruptions and global warming (2) earthquakes and tidal activity (3) collision of crustal plates and erosion (4) production of greenhouse gases and weathering Which process is most likely responsible for the removal of the missing parts of the rock layers? (1) erosion (3) earthquakes (2) deposition (4) faulting Base your answers to questions 8 and 9 on the diagram below, which shows a model of Earth’s interior. 8 What information did scientists study in order to develop this model? (1) recordings of earthquake waves (2) locations of recent volcanic activity (3) core samples from seafloor drillings (4) fossils found in rocks 39. The Moon has the greatest effect on Earth’s (1) year (3) ocean tides (2) seasons (4) daylight hours