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STUDY GUIDE Chapter 23 – Invertebrate Diversity Study for your test using your notes (from the SMART Board). The test is made directly from those slides. o Each slide contains important information – do not pick and choose what YOU think is important. Study ALL of your vocabulary terms – they will all be on the test (in some way, shape, or form). Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 blastula gastrula larva metamorphosis invertebrate vertebrate sponge collar cell amoebocyte sessile spindle cnidarian radial symmetry cnidocyte nematocyst gastrovascular cavity polyp medusa flatworm bilateral symmetry roundworm complete digestive tract rotifer annelid closed circulatory system acoelomate pseudocoelom coelom Section 7 mollusk mantle radula open circulatory system gastropod bivalve cephalopod --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the test, student should be able to: Identify the key terms listed above with the proper definitions (many parts of this test are based on the vocabulary terms). Recognize the three possible types of symmetry and the details of each: o Asymmetry o Bilateral Symmetry o Radial Symmetry List the four key characteristics of an animal. Recognize the differences between vertebrates and invertebrates and their characteristics. Identify the basic characteristics of a sponge. o Body structure lack true tissues and organs, consists of two layers of cells separated by a jelly-like material, two main cells (collar cells and ameobocytes), two types of support (rigid and flexible). o Diet water moves into the sponge through the pores, food and oxygen is filtered out of the water as it passes through, and water is then pushed out the sponge up and out the top by the flagella of the collar cells. o Reproduction most common type of reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction called budding – a piece of the sponge breaks off of the main body, lands on the ocean floor, attaches itself in place, and grows into a full adult sponge. o Movement sponges do not have the ability to move across the ocean floor, making them sessile (remember though that movement is one of the characteristics that is required of any living thing). Diagram of a sponge from the text -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Identify the basic characteristics of a cnidarian. o Body structure all cnidarians have tentacles with stinging cells and have radial symmetry – all organisms with radial symmetry lack a head. o Diet a cnidarian captures its prey with its tentacles (like shown in the diagram below) and pulls the food back to its mouth. Once food enters the gastrovascular cavity, the food is digested and the wastes exit back out through the mouth. o Movement most cnidarians are either slow-moving or sessile, and their movement depends on their body forms: Medusa: move freely about in the water (jellyfish) Polyp: mostly sessile organisms (hydra) o Examples hydra, jellyfish Diagram of a cnidarian from the text --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Identify the basic characteristics of a flatworm. o Body structure have bilateral symmetry, a distinct head and a distinct tail, and a flat-shaped body; simplest animals to have three tissue layers: Endoderm: most internal of the three layers; develops into the digestive sac Mesoderm: middle of the three layers; develops into the internal tissue-filled region Ectoderm: most external of the three layers; develops into the body covering o Diet when a flatworm is feeding, a muscular tube projects through the mouth and sucks in food, similar to a vacuum; flatworms also have a gastrovascular cavity, in which the food enters through one opening, the food is digested, and the wastes exit back out of the same opening. o Sensitivity they are aware of their surroundings in two different ways: The pair of eyespots that detect light. The side flaps that function mainly for smell. o Movement flatworms can move in several ways: They use cilia on its ventral surface to slide about in search for food. They have muscles that enable it to twist and turn. o Examples planarians, tapeworm Diagram of a flatworm from the text -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Identify the basic characteristics of a roundworm. o Body structure also has three tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) o Diet presence of a complete digestive tract, in which there are two openings instead of just one – a mouth and an anus, and a digestive tube connecting them to each other. o Examples hookworms, pinworms, threadworms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Identify the basic characteristics of an annelid. o Body structure have a closed circulatory system in which the blood stays contained in vessels and does not come in direct contact with the tissues and organs. o Habitat they live in any moist environment (anywhere except dry sand or frozen soil) – this is due to the way they breathe. Oxygen is absorbed through their skin, similarly to how lotion absorbs into the skin of a human. o Reproduction they are hermaphrodites that cannot reproduce on their own – they need another annelid to exchange sperm with. When reproduction happens, two annelids both reproduce at the same time with each other. o Movement have segmented bodies, that each contain their own set of muscles that expand and contract to allow movement; they also have bristles called setae on their bellies that aid in their movement through soil. o Examples earthworm, sandworm Diagram of an annelid from the text --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Identify the basic characteristics of a mollusk. o Body structure all mollusks have a foot and a mantle – the foot aids in locomotion and the mantle covers the body and secretes (creates) the shell; most mollusks have an open circulatory system that includes a heart that pumps blood into vessels. THREE TYPES OF MOLLUSKS: GASTROPOD o Body structure most organisms in this class have a single shell that is often spiral-shaped. o Examples land slugs and snails BIVALVE o Body structure have hinged shells divided into two halves; the prefix bitranslates to the word two, and the root -valve translates to the term shell. o Diet feed by pumping water over their gills and trapping food particles that are suspended in water. o Examples clam, oyster, mussel CEPHALOPOD o Body structure in most, the shell is small and internal or missing altogether. o Diet use beak-like jaws and a radula to crush or rip prey apart; their mouth is at the center of their foot, which is surrounded by 8-10 inch long tentacle-like arms that catch and hold prey. o Movement move through the water by jet propulsion (pull water into their bodies and then push the water out in order to push their bodies forward). o Examples squid, octopus