Download Nucleic Acids/Protein

Nucleic Acids and Protein
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid



Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Base





Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Called a nucleotide
Function of DNA




Stores Genetic info
Codes for production of
RNA
Makes up chromosomes
Prokaryotes


One single circular strand
Eukaryotes



Stored in nucleus
Multiple strands
Each own chromosome
Structure of DNA

Double Helix
(Watson/Crick
1953)




Two strands
(double)
Twisted around
central axis
(helix)
Think spiral stair
case
Rosalind Franklin
Structure (cont)

Complementary base pairing
A with T
 C with G
 Based on number of H-bonds
 Allows DNA to replicate, and make RNA


Purines/Pyrimidines
Purine: 2 rings, A and G
 Pyrimidine: 1 ring, T and C

Base pairing
RNA

Ribonucleic acid
Ribose
 Phosphate
 Base

Adenine
 Guanine
 Cytosine
 Uracil (very similar to thymine from DNA)

Function of RNA

Connect DNA to ribosome


Ribosome makes protein
Able to leave the nucleus

Much smaller
Only one gene
 Single strand

RNA base pairing

How RNA is made from
DNA

DNA serves as the
template
DNA Base
RNA Base
Adenine
Uracil
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Guanine
Cytosine
Codons/Anticodon



Codons are 3 nucleotide
sequence on mRNA
Anticodon is a 3
nucleotide segment on a
strand of tRNA
Pair using comp. base
pair rules


3rd nucleotide can
sometimes flex
1 codon = 1 amino acid
Types of RNA

mRNA
Carries information of DNA
 Linear


tRNA
Brings amino acid to mRNA
 T-Shaped


rRNA
Makes up the ribosome
 globular

DNA Replication


Self Replication
Possible for 2 main reasons

Double Helix


Comp. Base Pairing


One strand serves as a template
Will get two identical strands
Why do you need to produce identical strands?
Steps to Replication

Formation of a
replication fork



Enzyme = DNA helicase
Splits 2 strands
Add new bases



Enzyme = DNA
polymerase
Adds bases to open
strands
Checks for errors
Transcription



Process of making RNA from DNA
All forms of RNA are transcribed
RNA does not replicate in living things



Some viruses can
Takes place in nucleus of eukaryotes
Only one gene is transcribed
Process of Transcription

Only one stand of DNA is transcribed






Called the template strand (other is non-template)
Enzyme = RNA polymerase
Enzyme attaches (promoter) and separates
DNA strands
Adds RNA bases
Reaches a termination sequence
Stops, RNA breaks off, DNA recoils
Transcription
Translation





Process used to produce a polypeptide (protein)
Uses all forms of RNA, ribosome, and amino
acids
mRNA = message
tRNA= transfer
rRNA = ribosomal
Process of translation



tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA strand
rRNA helps link together amino acids
Protein is produced

Function of protein







Antibodies – fight infection
Contractile – responsible for movement
Enzymes – speed reactions
Hormones – coordinate body activities
Structure – build body, tendons/ligaments
Storage – store amino acids (egg whites)
Transport – move material into/out of cell
Codons and Amino Acids
DO NOT FORGET

DNA  RNA  Amino Acid  Protein 
Structure  Function
DNA  RNA =?
 RNA  Protein = ?
 DNA  DNA = ?
