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Name ______________________________________________ Per _______________ Chapter 13-14 Review Sheet Chapter 13 Questions Answers 1. The study of living things and their interactions with their environments Ecology 2. A group of different species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other 3. A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific area and can interbreed 4. Environmental factor that is associated with or results from activities of living things 5. The part of the Earth in which all life exists 6. A community of organisms along with their weather, soil, water & energy flow 7. The specific place where a species lives 8. All organisms in an ecosystem are linked together in a network of interactions, this quality is called? 9. The number of different species in an ecosystem is called? 10. Where an organism lives along with it’s trophic level, climate and when it reproduces 11. Organism that can make organic materials for an ecosystem Community 12. Another name for #11 13. All of the organic material in an ecosystem 14. As you move from one trophic level to the next, what happens to the following aspects of an ecosystem? Amount of usable energy Number of organisms (biomass) 15. A linear series of feeding relationships 16. An organisms location within #15 17. Organisms that eat producers Autotroph Biomass 18. How water and minerals pass back and forth between biotic and abiotic portions of the environment 19. Precipitation, condensation and evaporation are important processes in this cycle Biogeochemical Cycle 20. Processes in the nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation (conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms of nitrogen) Conversion of nitrogen from decaying organisms into ammonia Converting nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen gas Carbon cycle 21. Clearing forests, burning fossil fuels, and destroying vegetation are all ways that humans affect this cycle 22. Organisms that eat only plant material 23. Organisms that eat only meat Population Biotic Factor Biosphere Ecosystem Habitat Interdependence Biodiversity Niche Producers Decreases Decreases Food Chain Trophic Level Primary (1st level) consumers Water cycle Herbivores Carnivores 24. Organisms that eat both meat and plant material 25. Only about _________ energy flows from one trophic level to the next, much of the energy is lost to the atmosphere as __________. 26. An organism that has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem? 27. Three things that affect populations 28. Number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume 29. Type of dispersion where there is an unpredictable spacing between individuals 30. Type of dispersion where there is an even spacing between individuals 31. Type of dispersion where individuals are grouped in patches 32. Interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size 33. Two factors that can cause population size to increase 34. Two factors that can cause population size to decrease 35. Positive growth rate means this 36. Negative growth rate means this 37. Zero growth rate means this 38. Growth under ideal conditions 39. Draw a graph of #38 Omnivores 10% Heat Keystone species Size, density, & dispersion Population density Random Uniform Clumped Population Dynamics Births & Immigration Deaths & Emigration Population numbers are growing Population numbers are shrinking Population numbers are staying the same Exponential growth 40. Population growth that is slowed by limiting factors 41. Draw a graph of #40 Logistic growth 42. Examples of limiting factors Water, space, food, predators, disease, mates, shelter Carrying capacity Density-independent factors 43. Maximum # of a population that a particular environment can sustain 44. Regulating factors that affect members of a population regardless of density 45. Examples of #44 Weather events (drought, hurricanes, floods) or other natural disasters (earthquakes & volcanic eruptions) 46. Regulating factors that affect members of a population more if the population is more dense, less if the population is less dense 47. Examples of #46 48. Define Succession 49. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession Density-dependent factors Predation, disease, parasites, competition A progressive, predictable ecologic change in a community over time Primary succession begins with bare rock (after a volcanic lava flow or retreating of a glacier Secondary succession occurs after a major even disturbs a community (begins with SOIL – hurricane, flooding) 50. What are the 3 main types of community interactions? Competition, Predation and Symbiosis 51. State the competitive exclusion theory. No two species can occupy the same niche at the same time, one species will always out compete the other (think of paramecium experiment) 52. Can two organisms occupy the same niche and the same time? Why or why not 53. Define commensalism and provide an example. No see above 54. Define parasitism and provide an example 55. Define mutualism and provide an example 56. Animals that produce few offspring and nurture them to maturity Relationship in one species benefits and the other is not harmed or helped (+/0) VARY Relationship in which one species benefits at the harm of the other (+/-) VARY Relationship in which both species benefit (+/+) Type I 57. Survivorship is constant, individuals are equally vulnerable at every stage of the life cycle 58. May offspring are produced but few make it to maturity Type II 59. Nitrogen is a component of which macromolecules Amino Acids proteins 60. Describe the role of plants in the carbon cycle Plants take CO2 out of the atmosphere during photosynthesis to make sugars and release some back during respiration Type III 61. What is niche partitioning aka resource partitioning? using resources differently (different times, different areas) to avoid competition