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Classical Period Rome and the Rise of Christianity Review Classical Period - period when river valley civilization evolved into empires Post Classical Period - the period following the collapse of a classical civilization, Rome, Greek, Gupta, Han. Golden Age - the high point of a civilization Alexander the Great - Macedonian King who conquered most of the known world for the Greek Empire Hellenism - Spread of Greek culture across the empire following Alexander the Greats death Consuls - acted as the executive branch during the Roman Republic Roman Senate - Roman elected Legislative body Patricians - Land owners upper class Plebeians - lower class Julius Caesar - won civil war declared himself emperor for life. Was assassinated by members of the Senate Augustus - first legitimate Emperor brings forth pax romana Twelve Tables (tablets) - Roman Law Pax Romana 200 year of Roman peace Nero - persecuted Christians largely held responsible for the burning of Rome, Built the Golden Palace Constantine - adopted Christianity moved the capital to Constantinople creating the Byzantine empire Council of Nicaea - Brought together by Constantine to create a single holy book the New Testament Constantinople - Capital of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire - Eastern Christian Empire Peter - The first pope, Apostle of Jesus, Martyr Paul - made Christianity a universal religion instead of a Jewish Religion Dome of the Rock - Mosque on Jewish Temple Mount where Muhammad ascended to Heaven on a golden ladder Western Wailing Wall - Holiest spot for Jews last part of Solemn Temple Church of the Holy Seplecure - Church marking the spot of Jesus' Crucifixion and burial/resurrection Key Concepts and Questions 1. Time period of Rome's Classical Civilization and Rome’s Mediterranean Empire 753BCE – 476CE 2. What is the major difference between River Valley Civilizations and that of Classical Civilizations? Empire 3. What was the Roman Republic - When Romans voted for senators as legislative. 4. What was the status Roman women? Rome was patriarchal. 5. Why (and how) did the Roman Republic Expand? Rome had a well organized and professional Army. A strong and disciplined central Government. They built 55,000 miles of roads, aqueducts etc. 6. What were some examples of Roman flexibility for those they conquered? Rome did allow for self rule and religious freedom, but you did have to adopt Roman gods 7. After over 400 years, why did the Republic fail? Generals had more power than the Senate soldiers were loyal to their generals rather to Rome. Julius Caesar declares himself emperor for life 8. Explain the importance of the Pax Romana It offered 200 year of peace allowing for a great period of prosperity and achievement. 9. How did the Roman Empire become a “commonwealth of peoples”? Roman achievements aqueducts, amphitheaters, culture and law as well as Roman citizenship came to people Rome conquered 10. What were conquered people required to adopt as new Romans? Accept the emperor, pay taxes or Tribute, adopt, roman law and gods 11. What would new territories receive as becoming part of the Roman Empire? Amphitheatre, Aqueducts, Roads, culture law 12 Know Roman Achievements (see your spriite chart) 13. Know the reasons by Sprite for the downfall of Rome 14. What appeal did Jesus (of Nazareth) have for the Jews, slaves and the poor? Equality in Heaven 15. What were the basic teaching and beliefs of early Christians? A. Jesus is the fullfulment of Jewish prophesy as the messiah or savior. B. Through Christ alone you get to Heaven. C. Religion is monotheistic, D. Jesus is god: E. The Holy Trinity: father, son, holy spirit. F. Died on the cross to take the sin of humanity. 16. Why were Christians seen as dangerous to Rome? 1. Chrisianity was a new religion, 2.Their leader was a exicuted criminal. 3. They sought converts 4. their god was above the emperor. 5. The religion attracted slaves and the poor in all were equal in the after life. 17. Why did Nero persecute Christians? To use as scapegoats for the burning of Rome, Which he then built his Golden Palace. 18. What was the results of the Christian Martyrs faith and bravery? Martyrs like Peter showed faith and attracted more converts. 19. Why were Jews accepted by the Romans? . their reliogion was older than the Roman Empire. The Romans respect history. 2. Jews did not seek converts. 20. What led to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Jewish Temple in 71AD? A Jewish revolt or uprising 21. What caused Constantine to become a Christian? having a dream and vision of the cross the night before a major battle Milvian Bridge. He ordered his men to put a cross on their shields and to fight under Christ. He won the battle and became emperor What political reason could Constantine have for creating a “universalist” religion? to unite an empire that was very divided? 22. How did Constantine attempt to reform the Empire? legalizing Christianity and then adopting it as the state religion. 23. Why did only the western half of the Empire collapse (by 476CE)? Constantine Byzantine empire in the east kept all of the positive elements of classical Rome. Learning was encourage. Law and military was strong. Constantinople was a center of learning and trade 24. Explain why the end of the Roman Western Empire lead Western Europe into a “dark ages.” Central government ended. no law, army, protection, learning was kept in the church. 25. In what ways did technology and a central empire help spread Christianity? The apostles and followers used the roadways, trade routes (Land and sea) and populated cities to spread ides. 26. When was the official year Rome fell? 476 27. Know the internal and external reasons for the fall of Rome. (see your sprite) 28. Know how the fall of Rome and its central government led to the Dark Ages: No central law or government. No protection, Infrastructure decays, cities not safe. Church dogma and doctrine keep lay people illiterate. Trade stops. People move from cities to the country for safety . Germanic Kingdoms pop up with a government of feudalism 29. Know the Legacy of Rome how we use Roman ideas today? Roman law, Reprehensive government Roman architecture as seen in Washington DC, concrete, arts, and science 30. What causes Migration? (Push Pull) Push = war, natural disaster, ISIS, Pull = Opportunity, Jobs, To Emigrate is to Leave, To Immigrate is the destination 31. Know the elements of Classical Greco Roman Art and Architecture Doric, Ionic, Corinthian columns. Pediment, Architrave, Capital, Frieze and Reliefs. Art Paintings: Realism, movement, emotion light. 3D, Topic Wealth, Gods, Power, Pleasure Imperial art showed Idealization of the subject, Godlike representations