Download The Respiratory System - BIOLOGY and HONORS PHYSIOLOGY Mr

Major Functions of the
Respiratory System
 supplies the blood with
oxygen which is then
delivered to all of the
bodies trillions of cells
 Removes Carbon Dioxide
from the blood and expels
it from the body
Why do we need Oxygen?
 Oxygen (O2) is an essential gas
in cellular respiration. This
process generates ATP (energy
molecules) in the mitochondria
of all cells.
 The primary waste product
generated by cellular respiration
is carbon dioxide (CO2)
The air we breathe
Respiratory System Organs:
Mouth, Nose, and Larynx
 When air enters your
mouth/nose, mucus aids in
humidifying and warming
the air before it enters your
lungs.
 It passes over your larynx,
or voice box, which has
vocal folds able to generate
sound. The larynx also
protects the trachea.
Challenge Question!
 When you sneeze particles fly from your
nose and mouth at nearly 100 mph!
What is the
physiologic reason
why one would
need to sneeze?
Respiratory System Organs:
Pharynx and the Epiglottis
 In the back of the throat, the
place where the nasal cavity
and the oral cavity meet is
called the pharynx.
When you eat, a flap of
connective tissue called the
epiglottis prevents food
from entering the trachea.
Respiratory System
Organs: The Trachea
 The trachea, or
windpipe, is a tube
made of cartilage rings
that branches into 2
bronchi. It is lined with
cilia and mucus
designed to filter
harmful particles from
the air we breathe.
Respiratory System Organs:
Bronchi and Bronchioles
 The trachea opens
into 2 bronchi and
then continues to
branch into smaller
and smaller tubes
called bronchioles.
Gas exchange does
NOT take place
here…
Bronchial Histology
Bronchial Epithelium
 Clumps of hair-like cilia
protrude from the tops of
specialized columnar
epithelial cells. Rhythmic
movements of the cilia serve
to move bacteria and other
particles away from alveoli
and towards the throat, where
they are expelled or
swallowed.
scanning electron
micrograph (SEM) of
bronchial epithelium (the
mucus membrane lining
the major airways of the
lung).
Lung Tissue Histology
 The alveoli are composed of a
single layer of squamous
epithelium. Between the alveoli
you may see a thin layer of
areolar connective tissue and
numerous capillaries also lined
with simple squamous
epithelium.
Respiratory System
Organs: Alveoli
 The bronchioles terminate in tiny saclike structures called “alveoli,” O2 and
CO2 are exchanged here in microscopic
blood vessels called capillaries.
Inside and Alveoli
Capillary
 The average
individual has
approximately
700 million
functional
alveoli.
Wall of
the air
sac
Carbon
Dioxide is
dropped off
Oxygen is
picked up
Red Blood
Cell
MB
Inside and Alveoli
(cont)
C
A
B
Can you Identify
these structures?
Inside and Alveoli
(cont)
C
A
B
What tissue has
been removed in this
image? What do the
black lines represent?
In Summary…
Cool pictures
JH
Did you Know?...
The surface area of the lungs is
roughly the same size as a tennis
court!
Did You Know?...
 A “Yawn” occurs when a
person’s blood contains
elevated levels of carbon
dioxide. the influx of
oxygen provided by the
yawn helps re-establish
homeostasis.
Respiratory System
Organs: The Pleura
 The pleura, or pleural
cavity, is a fluid filled
double membrane that
surrounds the lungs. It
effectively creates a
closed space (like a
balloon) for the lungs to
operate.
The Lobes of the Lungs
Did you know?
 Chemicals in cigarette smoke damage
alveoli.
Normal lung
Smokers lung
The Circulatory System and
the Respiratory System
 The primary vehicle
for gas exchange is
the red blood cell.
These cells have a
protein called
hemoglobin, which
attach to and release
respiratory gases.
Hemoglobin: A Closer Look
The Circulatory System and
the Respiratory System
 Blood is delivered to the
lungs via the heart in a
process called
“pulmonary circulation.”
Oxygenated blood is then
transported back to the
heart, and pumped to all
of the bodies tissues.
Respiratory System
Organs: The Diaphragm
 The diaphragm is a large
muscle that separates the
abdominal and thoracic
cavities. When you inhale,
it moves downward and
your ribcage expands.
When you exhale it returns
to its normal position and
air is expelled from the
lungs.
Using a
Spirometer:
Factors affecting volumes
Several factors affect lung volumes;
some can be controlled and some cannot.
Lung volumes can be measured using the following terms:
Larger volumes
Smaller volumes
males
females
taller people
shorter people
non-smokers
smokers
athletes
non-athletes
people living at high
altitudes
people living at low altitudes
Average forced
lung capacity:
Male: 4.6 Liters
Female 3.5 Liters
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
 Emphysema is a lung
disease involving
damage to the air sacs
(alveoli).There is
progressive destruction
of alveoli and the
surrounding tissue that
supports the alveoli.
Non-Respiratory Functions
 Exhalation provides a route
for water loss and heat
elimination.
 Helps regulate blood pH
 Enables speech
 Defends against inhaled
foreign material/pathogens.
 Smell
Key Respiratory Enzymes
Carbonic Anhydrase
 Manufactured in cells throughout the body, this enzyme
catalyzes the synthesis of carbonic acid from CO2 and
water. This is crucial in all body tissues, as CO2 insoluble in
water. In the lungs, a related enzyme facilitates the
decomposition of carbonic acid into water and carbon
dioxide for excretion.
Key Respiratory Enzymes
ACE
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) is enzyme is part of a
complex, multiple component
feedback system involving the liver,
heart, lungs, and kidneys.
 ACE has several effects on the
lungs and converts the hormone
angiotensin I to angiotensin II
(from the liver), causing
vasoconstriction, therefore helping
maintain hydrostatic homeostasis.
Bronchitis
Asthma
Fun Facts!
 At rest, the body takes in and breathes
out about 10 liters of air each minute.
 The right lung is slightly larger than the
left.
 The capillaries in the lungs would extend
1,600 kilometers if placed end to end.
 We lose half a liter of water a day through
breathing. This is the water vapor we see
when we breathe onto glass.
 A person at rest usually breathes
between 12 and 15 times a minute.
 The breathing rate is faster in children
and women than in men.
Did you know….
 David Blaine set a new
world record for breathholding on April 30,
2008, at 17 minutes,
4.4 seconds, during a
live telecast of The
Oprah Winfrey Show.

Pop Quiz!
 Can you
identify
structures 1-6?
Pop Quiz #2
(easy)
Fill in the Blank
1. Burning fuel (food) requires __________
2. All living things carry out _________.
3. 2 waste products generated by cellular respiration include water
and _______.
4. Small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs: ________
5. Cilia and mucus help moisten and _______ the air we breathe.
6. Another word for “windpipe” __________
7. Another word for “voice box” _________
8. Air sacs in your lung where gas exchange takes place:
_________
9. The respiratory system works most closely with this body system:
__________ ___________.
10. This tiny structure prevents choking when you eat. __________
Pop Quiz #3 (harder)
Fill in the Blank
1.
2.
The formula for cellular respiration is: ___________________________________
________ protrude from the tops of specialized columnar epithelial cells in
bronchioles.
3. _______ is the functional component within hemoglobin protein molecules.
4. Expansion of the ribcage generates _________ __________, forcing air into the
lungs.
5. The alveoli are composed of a single layer of __________ _________.
6. Mast cells generate __________.
7. ___________ __________ protects the larynx.
8. ___________ __________ delivers blood to and from the lungs from the heart.
9. Smoking can cause Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or ____________.
10. The atmosphere is composed of 79% diatomic __________ and 20% diatomic
__________.
11. The _________ _________ is a fluid filled double membrane that surrounds the
lungs.
That’s All
Folks!