Download Chapter 16 Reading Guide 1 - Jefferson Forest High School

Reading Guide (pages 1-2)
Page 361-370: How organisms interact in communities/How competition shapes communities
Page 361:
1. Ecosystems must be viewed as a web of interactions between many organisms. The back-and-forth evolutionary
adjustments between interacting members of an ecosystem are called ___coevolution___.
2. The act of one organism killing another for food is called __predation___.
3. The relationship where one organism feeds on another is called _parasitism_________. The parasites do not
usually kill their prey, called a __host______.
4. Give four examples of external parasites. Ticks, mosquitoes, fleas,
5. Give 1 example of an internal parasites. hookworm
6. Because plants cannot move it is harder for them to protect themselves from predators. Defensive chemicals that
plants use to ward off _herbivores__ (animals that eat plants) are called _secondary compounds_________.
7. The same taste (that we enjoy) of many plants (mustard, cabbage, radish, and horseradish) are _toxic_ to many
groups of insects.
8. The association of two or more species that live together in a close long-term relationship is called _symbiosis___.
There are three types of symbiotic relationships _mutualism_, _commensalism_, and _parasitism___.
9. _Mutualism__ is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
10. Aphids and ants are parts of a _mutualistic_ relationship. The _aphids__ get food for the _ants_, the
_ants_ protect the _aphids_ from predators.
11. _Commensalism_ is a symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits and the other is neither harmed
not helped.
12. Sea anemones and _clown__ fish are a good example of _mutualism__. The stinging tentacles of the sea
anemone protect the _clown_ fish which are not harmed by the stinging because they have a protective mucous layer
(but keep away other predators for the clown fish!).
(page 2-3)
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13. _Competition__ happens when two species use the same resource (when resources are in short supply).
14. Give 6 examples of things that species can compete for. Food, living space, nesting site, light, water, mineral
nutrients
15. The functional role of a particular species in and ecosystem is called its _niche_ (all of the ways it interacts
with the environment).
16. A niche may be described in terms of _space utilization___ (where it lives), __food consumption___ (what it
eats), __temperature range_ (what climate it can live in), and requirements for moisture and mating.
17. A _niche_ is often described as how in terms of how the organism affects the flow of _ energy _ within an
ecosystem in which it lives.
18. Sometimes the niches of organisms overlap. If these resources are in short supply then _competition_ will occur.
Turn Over
19. The niche of a warbler is influenced by several variables such as, the _temperature_ it prefers, the time of year it
_nests__, what it likes to _eat__, and where on the tree it _finds its food__.
20. The entire range of resource opportunities an organism is potentially able to occupy within an ecosystem is its
_fundamental niche___.
21. Use Figure 5 on page 366 to correctly identify each warbler species that lives in different portions of the same
tree.
_black-throated_
_mytle__
__cape may__ __blackburnian__ _baybreasted__
22. The part of the fundamental niche that a species occupies is called its _realized niche__.
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23. __Competition___ can limit how species use resources.
24. If two species are competing, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the
other due to __competitive exclusion__.
25. The graph to the right shows the changes in two populations of
herbivores in a grassy field. A possible reason for these
changes is that population_B___ competed more successfully for
food than population __A__ did.
26. If both species can avoid _competition____ they can coexist. (If the niche does not overlap too much they are both able
to survive).
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27. __Predation__ reduces the effects of competition.
28. The variety of living organisms in an area are called __ biodiversity __.
29. An increased amount of __biodiversity__ leads to greater productivity.
30. Greater _number of species__ also leads to more stability of an ecosystem.
(page 3-4_)
Page 371-378: Major biological communities
Page 371:
1. The __climate___ of an any physical environment determines what organisms live there.
2. _ Climate __ is the prevailing weather conditions in any given area.
3. The two most important elements of climate are _temperature___ and _ moisture____.
4. Most organisms are adapted to live within a particular range of temperatures. The growing season of _plants_ is
primarily influenced by temperature.
5. All organisms require _water________.
6. Patterns of _rainfall____________ determine an area’s life forms on land.
7. Warm air holds _more__ water and cold air holds __less_________water.
8. A major biological community that occurs over a large area of land is called a __biome_________.
9. The seven major terrestrial (land) biomes are
1. _tropical rainforest________
5. ____desert_______________________
2. _savanna________________
6. ____temperate grassland_______________________
3. _taiga__________________
7. ____temperate forest_______________________
4. _tundra__________________
10. Although soil type and wind help determine where biomes are; two key factors are
_temperature ____ and _precipitation__.
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11. Tropical rainforests is the _richest__ community in terms of its biodiversity. They contain
_half_ of the world’s species of land dwelling organisms. Tropical rainforests have a high
_primary productivity__ because of the variety and richness of the plants.
12. Another name for Savannas are the _dry grasslands__. These are found in tropical areas with very little
__rainfall_. There is a wide fluctuation of temperatures and a seasonal ___draought__________ (no rain). Animals
are only active during the __rainy________ season.
13. _Coniferous trees_ (spruce and fir) grow in the cold, wet climate of the Taiga.
_winters______ are long and cold, and precipitation falls mainly in the __summer_________. Some example of
_herbivores______ are elk, moose and deer; some examples of __carnivores___ wolves, bears, and lynxes.
14. The Tundra has very little precipitation and is covered by ice called __permafrost___________. Examples of
mammals that live in the tundra are _foxes_, _lemmings____, _owls__, and __caribou___.
15. Dessert have very little _precipitation __with large temperature fluctuations between day and night.
16. The temperate grasslands or _prairies_______ are covered with fertile soil which supports plants and grazing
animals. The midsection of the North America is an example of the grasslands.
17. Temperate deciduous forest get their name because the trees shed their _leaves__________ in the fall. The
eastern United States is an example of this biome with mild climate and plentiful rain. (This is where we live!)
18. Temperate evergreen forest covers areas with different soil and _drier________ weather. Even drier areas where
shrubs occur are called the __chaparral_______________.
(page 6)
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19. Give three examples of freshwater habitats: _lake___, _pond___, and __stream___________.
20. Ponds and lakes have _3___ zones in which organisms live.
21. _Littoral zone__is a shallow zone near the shore. Organisms like ___aquatic plants_______________,
_amphibians _, __small fish ______________and __insects__ live here.
22. ___Limnetic zone_____________ is the area farthest away from the shore, but close to the surface. Organisms
like __floating algae________________, __zooplankton___ and _fish___ live here.
23. Profundal zone_______________is the deepwater zone that is below where light can reach. Organisms like
____worms_____ and ____bacteria________ live here.
24. Give three examples of wetlands: __swamps____________, __marshes_____________, and
__bogs___________.
25. Water- tolerant plants called __hydrohytes______________ are found in the wetlands.
26. Nearly __3/4 ____ of the Earth is covered by the oceans.
27. The ____intertidal zone_ is the seashore between high and low tide.
28. What are plankton? Free floating community of organisms
29. Give examples of organisms that make up plankton? Bacteria, algae, fish larvae, and small invertebrates
30. Why are plankton so important to the ecosystem? It is the basis of the food chain and produces a lot of oxygen
31. What part of the ocean rivals the tropical rainforest in terms of its biodiversity? Deep ocean
Extra Practice pages (7-8)
1. When two or more species evolve in response to each other, it is called _coevolution___________________.
2. The general term for the biotic relationship in which one organism feeds upon another is _predation (parasitism) _, This
benefits ecosystems by reducing competition and promoting stability and productivity.
3. The term _symbiosis____ is used to describe a close relationship between two dissimilar organisms in which one organism
usually benefits (there are three types of this).
4. A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and another is often harmed but not killed is called _parasitism____.
5. In a parasitic relationship, the organism that provides benefits to another organism at its own expense is called the _host__.
6. Parasitism is considered a special case of __predation____.
7. The symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor suffers harm is called commensalism__.
8. The struggle among organisms for the same limited natural resources is called __competition____.
9. A(n) _niche__ describes the habitat, feeding habits, other aspects of an organism’s biology, and its interactions with other
organisms and the environment (what it eats, when it eats, and where it eats) .
10. If an insect keeps predators away from a plant and the plant provides shelter and food for that insect then this is an
example of __mutualism___.
11. If two animals both eat the same plant we can call them _competitors_______.
12. If a tree provides nutrients and space for another plant on it, but the plant does nothing for the tree it is called
_commensalism__.
13. If an animal provided nutrients and a place to live for a tapeworm in its intestines it is an example of _parasitism__.
14. The total niche that an organism is potentially able to use within an ecosystem is called that organism’s _fundamental
niche__.
15. Local elimination of one competing species is called ____competitive exclusion___________.
16. The variety of organisms in a community is called _biodiversity___________________.
17. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area is called the area’s __climate__________________.The most important
elements of climate are __temperature_____________ and __precipitation__________.
18. A major biological community that occurs over a large area of land is called a(n) __biome__________________.
19. The thick, continually frozen layer of ground found in the northern tundra is called __permafrost__________________.
20. The biome that makes up most of the central part of the continental United States is __temperate grasslands_____.
21. The greatest diversity of life in the ocean is found in __shallow___________ ocean waters.
22. Almost all of the Earth’s surface water is contained in ___oceans___________.
23. Trees that lose their leaves every year are known as __deciduous__________________.
24. Elk and moose may live in the _taiga______________, areas that are also the primary source of the world’s lumber.
25. A biome that is characterized by lush vegetation, abundant rain, and year-round warm temperatures is the _rainforest_.
26. Virtually all plants contain defensive chemicals called _ secondary compounds ___.
27. _ Plankton_ are at the base of most aquatic food chains.
28. A dry grassland known as a(n) __ Savanna __________________ is the home of elephants, giraffes, and lions, having open,
widely spaced trees and seasonal rainfall.
A food web is shown in the diagram to the right.
29. Which statement best describes a direct result of an increase in the frog population?
a. The raccoon population will decrease.
b. The grasshopper population will increase.
c. The snake population will increase.
d. The worm population will increase.
30.
Which type of biome occupies the largest area of the Earth?
a. marine
b. grassland
c. tropical rain forest
Use the following table to answer questions 31-33.
31.
Which biome is represented by A?
a. tundra
b. tropical rainforest
c. temperate deciduous
d. grassland
32.
Which information should be included in box B
a. extreme daily temperature fluctuations
b. constant rainfall; high temperature fluctuations
c. strong prevailing winds; small variations in temperature
d. permanently frozen subsoil; no precipitation
33.
What information would be in box C?
a. mosses
b. grasses
c. conifers
d. deciduous trees
d. temperate deciduous forest
34. The diagram to the right represents a tree containing three different
species of warbler, A, B, C. Each species occupies a different niche.
A fourth species, D, which has the same environmental
requirements as species B, enters the tree at point X. Members of
species B will most likely
a. live in harmony with species D
b. move to a different level and live with species A or species C
c. stay at that level but change their diet
d. compete with species D
tundra
____
Base your answers to questions 35-37 on the map below which shows the
general location of some major biomes of Earth, and on your knowledge
of biology. A different biome is represented by each of the following symbols:
35. Which climax flora would be a
major part of the biome indicated by the symbol
a. mosses b. succulent plant
c. grasses
d. lichens
36. Which symbol indicates an area with coniferous trees, long,
severe winters, and black bears?
A
C
B
D
37. Which major biome is found throughout most of Virginia?
a. tundra
b. taiga
c. temperature deciduous forest
d. tropical rain forest
Biome Concept Map Answers
Savanna – Central Africa, lion, elephant, giraffe
Taiga- Pine trees, moose, Canada
Desert- Northern Africa, dry climate, reptiles cactus
Tropical Rain Forest- equator, canopy, monkeys, rainfall
Temperate Forest- Squirrels, maple trees, Eastern US, seasons
Temperate Grassland- farmland, prairie dogs, Central US
taiga
deciduous grassland desert