Download Biology Pre-Learning Check

Answer Key_
Name: _
pretest: _____/60
posttest: _____/60
Pretest: Ch. 18 & 20:
Ecosystems and Communities
Vocab: Match the term on the right with the definition on the left.
V___ general term for when organisms live
1. ___
together
A. abiotic factor
B. biosphere
things interacting in an area
C. biotic factor
D. climax community
H___ combination of all the living and nonliving
2. ___
P___ the first species to inhabit an area
3. ___
T___ changes in species after some kind of
4. ___
disruption to an area, e.g. forest fire
G. ecological succession
H. ecosystem
each other, and on living things, for
survival
I. generalist
J. habitat
K. interdependence
in an area, e.g. a pond
L. keystone species
M. mutualism
K___ the idea that all species living things need
5. ___
F___ all the living organisms that interact
6. ___
L___ species that affects many others in a
7. ___
community, they rely on it
J___ the area where an organism lives
8. ___
A___ a nonliving thing that affects how an
9. ___
10. ___
11. ___
12. ___
E. commensalism
F. community
N. niche
O. parasitism
P. pioneer species
Q. population
organism lives and survives, e.g. air, water
R. predation
S. primary succession
in an area over time
T. secondary succession
U. specialist
it where living things can be found.
V. symbiosis
W. trophic level
G___ the changes in what living things live
B___ the area on the Earth, above and below
Q___ all the members of 1 species living in an area
N___ an organism’s role/job in an ecosystem, e.g. producer
13. ___
14. ___
W___ how far “up the food chain” an organism is, i.e. how far it is from where
the energy starts
15. ___
D___ when the species in an area have reached an end point and don’t change
anymore
16. ___
R___ when one organism hunts and eats another
17. ___
C___ a living thing that affects how an organism lives and survives
I
18. ___ ___ species that have a lot of roles, can do many jobs in their ecosystem
19. ___
M___ when two organisms live together and both benefit
20. ___
S___ changes in living things in an area that has never had living things
before
21. ___
O___ when one organism lives off another, causing it harm, but not killing it
22. ___
E___ when two organisms live together and one is helped, but the other is
neither helped nor harmed
23. ___
U___ a species that has one very specific role/job in an ecosystem
To the right is a picture of some living
and nonliving things in/near the
ocean, including:
a. seagulls
b. seals
c. kelp
d. bacteria
e. rocks
f. water
g. dolphins
h. lobsters
i. sea anemones
j. air
k. fish
j
a
f
g
c
b
d
k
e
h
i
Use the letters below. It is possible to have 1, more than1 or no letters on each line. It
is possible to use letters more than once.
24.
a or b or c or d or g or h or i or k A population would
include these letter(s). (you should name any one living organism)
25.
a b c d g h i k A community would include these letter(s). (you should
name all the living organisms)
26.
a b c d e f g h i j k An ecosystem would include these letter(s). (you
should name all the living and non living things)
27.
a b c d g h i k Biotic factors would include these letter(s). (living
things)
28. _
efj
29. _
a b g i k _ Would be in the same niche as the lobster (h). (the lobster is a
__ Abiotic factors would include these letter(s). (nonliving things)
consumer…that’s its job/role).
30.
b c d g i k Would be in the same habitat as the lobster (h). (all the living
things in the water live in the same area)
To the right is a picture of
succession.
31. Describe succession in
this example, i.e. what is
happening?
Over time,
the kind of
plants in an
area change
(and so do the kinds of animals, but the picture
doesn’t show this)
32. Is this primary or secondary succession? Explain.
Secondary Succession…started with soil,
not bare rock (which would be primary). It is
possible that a natural disaster wiped out what
lived there before and that would make this
secondary succession, but the picture does not
show this.
grasses__ is/are the pioneer species in this example.
33. __
To the right is a food web. Use it to
answer these questions.
grass_ is/are the
34. _
producers.
grasshopper,
rabbit and
mouse_ is/are primary
35. _
consumers.
lizard, hawk* and snake_ is/are the secondary consumers.
36. _
(*hawk is also a tertiary consumer)
37. Use the food web to make an ecological food pyramid. Place each
organism in its correct level.
hawk
lizard, snake
grasshopper, rabbit, mouse
grass
38. Does all the energy contained in one trophic level pass to the next? Explain.
No…only about 10% does. A lot of the
energy represented by the snakes and lizards is
stored in bones and skin that hawk does not
digest. Some of the energy is used by the
snakes and lizards to survive. Not all of the
snakes and lizards are eaten by the hawks.
Below are pictures of the water cycle (left ) and carbon cycle (right). Use the letters
below to label the diagrams. Letters may be used once, more than once or not
at all and may not just fit in the boxes.
i
f
a
g c
c
j
g
d
h
b
e
a. cell respiration
e. percolation
i. solar energy
a
fa
b. decomposition
f. photosynthesis
j. transpiration
c. evaporation
g. precipitation
d. fossil fuels
h. runoff
49. – 50. Name 2 ways humans can impact (change) the water cycle.
Use too much water, not enough for the
cycle
Deforestation makes more run off and less
sinks in…lowers water table (wells)
Water pollution…sewer waste, fertilizer
Runoff, solid waste…
51. – 52. Name 2 ways humans can impact (change) the carbon cycle.
Deforestation means less plants for
photosynthesis, and more carbon dioxide
from burning trees
Burning fossil fuels releases more carbon
dioxide
Water pollution increase decomposition
Rising water temps mean less O2 & CO2
dissolved in water
For each example below, put Pr for predation, Pa for parasitism, M for mutualism
mutualism, and C for commensalism. Each blank will have only one answer,
but letters may be used once, more than once or not at all.
M___ bacteria in plant roots get carbohydrates from the plants and give them
53. ___
nitrogen. (called nitrogen fixing bacteria, part of nitrogen cycle, btw…)
Pa___ plasmodium is a single celled organism that lives in blood and causes
54. ___
malaria, which kills more people world-wide than any other disease.
C___ epiphytes are plants that grow on trees, closer to light they need without
55. ___
harming or helping the tree.
Pa___ tapeworms live in mammals intestines and absorb nutrients they
56. ___
need to survive
Pr___ lions hunt down antelopes, kill and eat them
57. ___
M__ bacteria in termites’ guts help digest wood into sugars they both can use
58. ___
for energy
Pr___ people raise chickens, cows and pigs for food
59. ___
C___ clown fish (like Nemo!) live in sea anemones and eat food left over from
60. ___
the anemone, as well as receive protection from enemies.
Mutualistic Relationship
Organisms Involved
Interaction of organisms involved
Root Nodules
Legumes/Rhizobium
Rhizobium gets carbohydrates & provides
fixed forms of nitrogen and ammonia to
the legume
Lichen
Fungus/algae or
cyanobacterium
Fungus sends acids to the rock and
dissolves minerals. Alga or
cyanobacterium carries on photosynthesis
Termite/Trichonympha
Trichonympha/Pyrsonympha and Pyrsonympha
The Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha
digest wood for the termite.
Ants and Acacia
Ants feed from acacia nectaries and eat
beltian bodies/nodules. Ants protect the
acadia from herbivores and girdle branches
to let more light in to the acacia.
Ants/acacias
Table describing types of commensalisms.
Mutualistic
Relationships
Organisms Involved
Interaction of the organisms involved
Epiphytes
Epiphytes - Various
mosses, ferns, bromeliads,
and orchids/Other plants.
Epiphytes grow on other plants obtaining nutrients from
rainwater and decaying leaves –not from the host.
Remora
Remora/Fish (sharks) and
turtles
Attaches to sides of other fish and turtles and eats food
they drop.
Clown fish
Clown fish/ Sea anemone
The clown fish lives among the deadly tentacles of a sea
anemone and eats food left by the sea anemone.
Barnacles
Barnacles/whales and
manatees, ships and other
things in the ocean.
Barnacles attach as harmless hitchhikers. Some species
of barnacles are found only as commensals on the jaws
of whales. And there are other species of barnacles
found only as commensals on those barnacles. Barnacles
on top of barnacles!
Parasitism table.
Name of Parasite
Common name/
Scientific Name
Plasmodium/ P.
falciparum/ P.
vivax/
P. ovale
Intermediate
Phylum of Parasite
Method of transmission
Symptoms of Disease
Host
Symptoms of malaria include fever and
flu-like illness, including shaking chills,
headache, muscle aches, and tiredness.
Mosquitos bites to
Orthonectidea
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also
humans
occur. Malaria may cause anemia and
jaundice (yellow coloring of the skin and
eyes) because of the loss of red blood
Mosquitoes
cells. Infection with one type of malaria, P.
falciparum, if not promptly treated, may
cause kidney failure, seizures, mental
confusion, coma, and death.
Tapeworm/
Tatenia
pisiformis
Flukes/
Nanophyetus
salmincola or N.
schikhobalowi
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes
Pigs to humans
Abdominal pain or diarrhea and excess gas
after becoming infested with tapeworm. Also
may experience nausea and vomiting anal
itching or inflammation, hunger, fatigue, loss of
appetite, and weight loss occur if the condition
is not treated. Rarely other organs of the body,
including the brain, can be affected.
Snails to humans
Symptoms characterized by an increase of
bowel movements or diarrhea, usually
accompanied by increased numbers of
circulating eosinophils, abdominal
discomfort and nausea. A few may notice Snails
weight loss and fatigue, and some may be
asymptomatic. The rickettsia, though fatal
to 80% of untreated dogs, is not known to
infect humans.
Pigs
Often no symptoms. May be a local
Hookworm/
Ancylostoma
duodenale or
Necator
americanus
Nematoda
Contaminated soil
or stool
irritation of the skin where the worm
penetrated or even an itchy rash. In the
lungs, there may be asthma-like
symptoms or pneumonia. The most
common symptoms of Hookworm
infection, however, are from their
residence in the intestine. Here,
Hookworm can lead to abdominal pain,
diarrhea, weight loss, loss of appetite
and excessive gases. In chronic
infections, the patient may become
anemic as the worms feed on the
individual's blood. The loss of blood
leads to a loss of iron and protein;
causing difficulty in breathing, pale
complexion, tiredness and weakness,
fast heartbeat, generalized swelling or
bloating and impotence. If the infection
lasts a very long time or is very severe,
there may be a slow growth, heart
problems or even heart failure.
Soil or
stool
Images from http://apbiosemonefinalreview.pbworks.com/w/page/11980952/Ecology%20(Ch%2054-56)