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Name: _____________________________ pretest: _____/60 posttest: _____/60 Pretest: Ch. 18 & 20: Ecosystems and Communities Vocab: Match the term on the right with the definition on the left. 1. _______ general term for when organisms live together 2. _______ combination of all the living and nonliving things interacting in an area 3. _______ the first species to inhabit an area 4. _______ changes in species after some kind of disruption to an area, e.g. forest fire 5. _______ the idea that all species living things need each other, and on living things, for survival 6. _______ all the living organisms that interact in an area, e.g. a pond 7. _______ species that affects many others in a community, they rely on it 8. _______ the area where an organism lives 9. _______ a nonliving thing that affects how an organism lives and survives, e.g. air, water 10. _______ the changes in what living things live in an area over time 11. _______ the area on the Earth, above and below it where living things can be found. 12. _______ all the members of 1 species living in an area A. abiotic factor B. biosphere C. biotic factor D. climax community E. commensalism F. community G. ecological succession H. ecosystem I. generalist J. habitat K. interdependence L. keystone species M. mutualism N. niche O. parasitism P. pioneer species Q. population R. predation S. primary succession T. secondary succession U. specialist V. symbiosis W. trophic level 13. _______ an organism’s role/job in an ecosystem, e.g. producer 14. _______ how far “up the food chain” an organism is, i.e. how far it is from where the energy starts 15. _______ when the species in an area have reached an end point and don’t change anymore 16. _______ when one organism hunts and eats another 17. _______ a living thing that affects how an organism lives and survives 18. _______ species that have a lot of roles, can do many jobs in their ecosystem 19. _______ when two organisms live together and both benefit 20. _______ changes in living things in an area that has never had living things before 21. _______ when one organism lives off another, causing it harm, but not killing it 22. _______ when two organisms live together and one is helped, but the other is neither helped nor harmed 23. _______ a species that has one very specific role/job in an ecosystem To the right is a picture of some living and nonliving things in/near the ocean, including: a. seagulls b. seals c. kelp d. bacteria e. rocks f. water g. dolphins h. lobsters i. sea anemones j. air k. fish j a f g c b d k e h i Use the letters below. It is possible to have 1, more than1 or no letters on each line. It is possible to use letters more than once. 24. ______________________ A population would include these letter(s). 25. ______________________ A community would include these letter(s). 26. ______________________ An ecosystem would include these letter(s). 27. ______________________ Biotic factors would include these letter(s). 28. ______________________ Abiotic factors would include these letter(s). 29. ______________________ Would be in the same niche as the lobster (h). 30. ______________________ Would be in the same habitat as the lobster (h). To the right is a picture of succession. 31. Describe succession in this example, i.e. what is happening? 32. Is this primary or secondary succession? Explain. 33. __________________________ is/are the pioneer species in this example. To the right is a food web. Use it to answer these questions. 34. ________________________ is/are the producers. 35. ________________________ is/are primary consumers. 36. ________________________ is/are the secondary consumers. 37. Use the food web to make an ecological food pyramid. Place each organism in its correct level. 38. Does all the energy contained in one trophic level pass to the next? Explain. Below are pictures of the water cycle (left ) and carbon cycle (right). Use the letters below to label the diagrams. Letters may be used once, more than once or not at all and may not just fit in the boxes. a. cell respiration e. percolation i. solar energy b. decomposition f. photosynthesis j. transpiration c. evaporation g. precipitation d. fossil fuels h. runoff 49. – 50. Name 2 ways humans can impact (change) the water cycle. 51. – 52. Name 2 ways humans can impact (change) the carbon cycle. For each example below, put Pr for predation, Pa for parasitism, M for mutualism mutualism, and C for commensalism. Each blank will have only one answer, but letters may be used once, more than once or not at all. 53. _______ bacteria in plant roots get carbohydrates from the plants and give them nitrogen. (called nitrogen fixing bacteria, part of nitrogen cycle, btw…) 54. _______ plasmodium is a single celled organism that lives in blood and causes malaria, which kills more people world-wide than any other disease. 55. _______ epiphytes are plants that grow on trees, closer to light they need without harming or helping the tree. 56. _______ tapeworms live in mammals intestines and absorb nutrients they need to survive 57. _______ lions hunt down antelopes, kill and eat them 58. _______ bacteria in termites’ guts help digest wood into sugars they both can use for energy 59. _______ people raise chickens, cows and pigs for food 60. _______ clown fish (like Nemo!) live in sea anemones and eat food left over from the anemone, as well as receive protection from enemies. Mutualistic Relationship Organisms Involved Interaction of organisms involved Root Nodules Legumes/Rhizobium Rhizobium gets carbohydrates & provides fixed forms of nitrogen and ammonia to the legume Lichen Fungus/algae or cyanobacterium Fungus sends acids to the rock and dissolves minerals. Alga or cyanobacterium carries on photosynthesis Termite/Trichonympha Trichonympha/Pyrsonympha and Pyrsonympha The Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha digest wood for the termite. Ants and Acacia Ants feed from acacia nectaries and eat beltian bodies/nodules. Ants protect the acadia from herbivores and girdle branches to let more light in to the acacia. Ants/acacias Table describing types of commensalisms. Mutualistic Relationships Organisms Involved Interaction of the organisms involved Epiphytes Epiphytes - Various mosses, ferns, bromeliads, and orchids/Other plants. Epiphytes grow on other plants obtaining nutrients from rainwater and decaying leaves –not from the host. Remora Remora/Fish (sharks) and turtles Attaches to sides of other fish and turtles and eats food they drop. Clown fish Clown fish/ Sea anemone The clown fish lives among the deadly tentacles of a sea anemone and eats food left by the sea anemone. Barnacles Barnacles/whales and manatees, ships and other things in the ocean. Barnacles attach as harmless hitchhikers. Some species of barnacles are found only as commensals on the jaws of whales. And there are other species of barnacles found only as commensals on those barnacles. Barnacles on top of barnacles! Parasitism table. Name of Parasite Common name/ Scientific Name Plasmodium/ P. falciparum/ P. vivax/ P. ovale Intermediate Phylum of Parasite Method of transmission Symptoms of Disease Host Symptoms of malaria include fever and flu-like illness, including shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness. Mosquitos bites to Orthonectidea Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also humans occur. Malaria may cause anemia and jaundice (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood Mosquitoes cells. Infection with one type of malaria, P. falciparum, if not promptly treated, may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death. Tapeworm/ Tatenia pisiformis Flukes/ Nanophyetus salmincola or N. schikhobalowi Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Pigs to humans Abdominal pain or diarrhea and excess gas after becoming infested with tapeworm. Also may experience nausea and vomiting anal itching or inflammation, hunger, fatigue, loss of appetite, and weight loss occur if the condition is not treated. Rarely other organs of the body, including the brain, can be affected. Snails to humans Symptoms characterized by an increase of bowel movements or diarrhea, usually accompanied by increased numbers of circulating eosinophils, abdominal discomfort and nausea. A few may notice Snails weight loss and fatigue, and some may be asymptomatic. The rickettsia, though fatal to 80% of untreated dogs, is not known to infect humans. Pigs Often no symptoms. May be a local Hookworm/ Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus Nematoda Contaminated soil or stool irritation of the skin where the worm penetrated or even an itchy rash. In the lungs, there may be asthma-like symptoms or pneumonia. The most common symptoms of Hookworm infection, however, are from their residence in the intestine. Here, Hookworm can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, loss of appetite and excessive gases. In chronic infections, the patient may become anemic as the worms feed on the individual's blood. The loss of blood leads to a loss of iron and protein; causing difficulty in breathing, pale complexion, tiredness and weakness, fast heartbeat, generalized swelling or bloating and impotence. If the infection lasts a very long time or is very severe, there may be a slow growth, heart problems or even heart failure. Soil or stool Images from http://apbiosemonefinalreview.pbworks.com/w/page/11980952/Ecology%20(Ch%2054-56)