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Earth’s Structure & Processes TEST 2 Study Guide
Open-Note Take Home Quiz
Use your notes, cw, hw, and labs to answer all questions!
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***Day 1: Key terms; if all S.G. done 5 bonus points on Quiz Grade
***Day 2: all complete for test day; if all done and parent signature, 5 points on TEST Grade
WORD BANK:
Match the key terms with the word bank below. Some words may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Compression
Epicenter
Earth’s magnetic field
Earthquake
Focus
Primary (P) waves
Secondary (S)
waves
Seismic waves
Seismogram
KEY TERM:
Seismograph
Tension
Shearing
Surface waves
Triangulation
Volcanoes
DEFINITION:
a sudden movement of Earth’s crust usually along cracks in the crust known
as faults
energy waves, caused by an earthquake, that spread out in all directions
from the epicenter; one type causes the movement of crust material when it
reaches the surface
longitudinal waves that move out from the earthquake focus pushing and
pulling rock creating a back and forth motion in the direction of the wave
transverse waves that move out from the earthquake focus moving at right
angles to primary waves causing rocks to move up and down and side to
side
waves that form when P and S waves reach the surface; can cause ground
to shake making rocks sway and roll like an ocean wave
materials in Earth’s core are inferred to produce lines of magnetic force
around Earth; a compass needle will align with that field
an instrument used to detect and measure seismic waves
1.
2. 2. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
the vibration record that looks like jagged lines on paper where the
seismograph needle moves along with the incoming earthquake waves
the point on Earth’s surface directly above the origin of an earthquake
10.
the point where earthquake energy is released
11.
by using the records from three seismograph stations, the location of an
earthquake epicenter can be plotted
1. Fill out the chart below. (12 points)
Wave
Speed from
Sketch of
Earthquake to
Movement
Epicenter
P-wave
S- wave
Surface wave
Description of
Movement
Effect on
Rocks
Each question/item
below is worth 2
points each unless
otherwise noted.
2. A ___________________________ record is used to determine the distance from the
earthquake ______________________________ to the seismograph machine.
3. a. Scientists know that a P-wave moves faster through which layer of the earth than the crust and b. What
does this information help scientists infer?
a.
b.
4. Draw a picture of a cross section of a fault. Label
the epicenter, focus, fault line, type of fault, and force
behind the fault. (5 points)
5. Where is the energy the greatest after seismic
waves are released from the creation of an
earthquake?
6. Why do scientists infer the inner core is solid and outer core is liquid?
7. a. Scientists also infer that the core is composed of what two layers and b) why?
a.
b.
8. (6pts)
Fault
Direction Arrows with
Labels OC or CC
Real Life Example
9. Independent variables are graphed on the ____ axis and dependent variables are graphed on the ____ axis.
10. What makes an experiment more valid?
11. What makes an experiment more reliable?
12. Give an example of a simple experiment with a control. Why does a control make an experiment more valid?
1. On what continent did the earthquake occur?
2. How far was the earthquake from London? New York? Chicago?
3. How long did it take the primary waves to reach Chicago?
4. The primary waves reached Chicago at 9:00 A.M. When did the earthquake occur in Chicago time?
What math operation did you use to determine the time of the earthquake?
5. The earthquake epicenter was located two time zones east of Chicago. What time was it in the time
zone containing the epicenter when the earthquake began?
6. One seismograph station was 1860 kilometers from the earthquake’s epicenter. What time was it at
the seismograph station when the earthquake began if the secondary waves arrived at the station
at 6:30 A.M.?
At what time would the surface waves arrive at the station?
1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2000 kilometers?
2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2000 kilometers?
3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 minutes?
4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 minutes?
5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance
traveled gets longer?
6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both travel a distance of 4000 kilometers before they are
picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will arrive first?
7. How much time lag at 4000 km will there be between these two waves?
8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 minutes. Which wave
will travel farther?